Clear aperturein optics

In order to gain a general understanding, it is important to know by how many stops an ND filter darkens. The different strengths of the filters indicate by how many apertures they reduce the light. For example, an ND8 filter darkens by 3 f-stops, an ND1000 filter by 10. With this knowledge, you as a photographer should be able to understand the following calculation more easily.

The software is part of the GONIOMAT M and GONIOMAT A product series. It is characterized by a simple and sophisticated user interface and is executable under WINDOWS®10. The software enables standard-compliant evaluation of measurements (ISO 10110-1, VDI 2605 as well as DIN 3140) and offers comprehensive protocol functions. Further components of the software are tolerance specifications and checks as well as an innovative beam calculation based on ray-tracing.

Below is the simpler method using a conversion table. Reading it off is very simple: First, find out which ND filter you want to use. In the left column you will then find the time that you set on the camera for the test recording. In the right columns you will find the appropriate exposure time after you have installed the ND filter in front of the lens. The table can also be used the other way around, i.e. if you want to achieve a certain exposure time and you want to know which ND filter you should use for this.

surface flatness (p-v)

The CIFOS is a measuring device for measuring and checking centering tolerances of optical systems. Contact us and tell us the key points of your lens system to be checked, such as the diameter of the optics, surface radii and coating of the individual surfaces, and we will create a customized measurement solution.

The SIAM is a measuring device for determining the angle between the primary and secondary image on windscreens in accordance with ECE regulation ECE R43. The device consists of an eye-safe laser beam source (laser safety class 2), a testing telescope and the evaluation software. Due to the optical arrangement the measurement is independent of the distance between light source, windshield and testing telescope. The included software allows the automatic determination of the angle as well as the recording of the angle together with the corresponding measuring position on the windshield in a protocol.

Especially when photographing landscapes and buildings, an image that is not blurred is essential. The following equipment is almost mandatory so that the selected motif is represented perfectly in the photo.

The auxiliary device for the GONIOMAT for angle measurement of prisms with fine ground surfaces. It consists of a collimator f=100 D40 and a deflection system for subsequent mounting on the granite plate of an existing GONIOMAT M5, M 10 or A5. The extension enables the measurement of ground prisms (roughness Rq = 1 .0 µm or less) with a maximum measurement uncertainty of 10 arc seconds.

ND filters (also known as neutral density filters or neutral density filters) have the property of absorbing part of the incident light and thereby adjusting the exposure time in order to realize a picture with the desired exposure time. It is precisely this property that makes the gray filter so unique and at the same time irreplaceable, since this effect can hardly be achieved in digital post-processing. The merging of different recordings, i.e. the attempt to artificially simulate a long exposure, almost always shows the problem of possible artefacts. These problems do not occur when using an ND filter. In addition, with a neutral density filter, you only have to take one shot to get the desired result immediately.

Clear apertureexample

Don't worry, you don't need to be a math pro! For example, you can simply use our conversion table or one of the various apps. But if you prefer to use a clear table when taking pictures, or if you prefer to learn how to calculate the shutter speed with ND filters, this guide is just the right thing! Below we have shown a conversion table of recording times with ND filters for you. If you would like to learn more about neutral density filters in general, we recommend our FAQ article. If you only want to work with one table, you can simply skip the next paragraph.

The development, design and manufacture of machines is always in the area of conflict between economic efficiency and precision. Our products support you in the precise measurement of your machine components.

Interferometers are essential measurement tools for the production and quality control of optical components and systems. Their applications range from testing the flatness and sphericity of surfaces to measuring radii and testing the performance of optical systems.

Autocollimators are optical measuring instruments that can measure the smallest changes in the angular position of optical reflectors. In electronic autocollimators, the autocollimation image is detected by means of CCD lines or a matrix sensor. Electronic autocollimators are primarily used for the following measuring tasks: small angle measurement, ultra-precise angle adjustment and calibration, quality assurance of machine tools and their components, assembly automation, angular position monitoring. ELCOMAT® is a registered Union Trademark (EUTM 018002083), Trade Mark in CN, US (Int. Reg. No. 1476462)

Transmission Spheres are used for testing spherical surfaces. These generate a reference wave against which spherical samples can be tested interferometrically. The Transmission Spheres are available with different radii (R(Transmission Sphere)) and usable diameters (D(Transmission Sphere)). In order to measure the entire spherical surface to be tested, the following condition must be met: R/D(Transmission Sphere) ≤ R/D(test area). The following graphs and tables can be used to select the objective for the respective inspection task.

Diopter telescopes are adjustable focus telescopes that serve the measurement of optical power of lenses in diopter. The measuring result can be directly read from the diopter graduation.

Our square telescopes and collimators are used on flat reference surfaces to align supporting surfaces to the optical axis.

With the direct signal digitization in the sensor head, the high user-friendliness and extended functions of the display unit 5000 the ELCOMAT® vario N sets a new standard in the ELCOMAT® product line. Like its predecessor ELCOMAT® vario D, the low-cost ELCOMAT® vario N autocollimation sensors can be supplied with a wide range of objective tubes. This variety allows you to choose the most suitable ELCOMAT® vario N for your specific measuring task.

Surface flatness Optics

Our products have been used for decades in institutes, universities and large research facilities for teaching and research.

The INTOMATIK-S software uses the static fringe evaluation method for calculating the surface shape deviation and is thus almost free of influences due to air turbulence or vibrations. However, the fringe evaluation does not achieve the same accuracy as the phase shift algorithm of the INTOMATIK-N software and also cannot automatically determine the sign of the surface shape deviation.

We support the automotive industry in the further development of functionality and safety in the field of mobile sensor technology and driver assistance systems.

Optical surface meaning

The GONIOMAT M series, with its combination of manually rotatable precision rotary table and software-supported evaluation of the angle encoder signals in relation to the autocollimation image, enables easy handling with frequently changing test specimen types and, at the same time, low measurement uncertainty. The goniometers are ideally suited for in-process production monitoring as well as incoming and outgoing inspection.

The VI-direct interferometer with free aperture 100 mm enables the inspection of optics with a diameter of 25 to 100 mm. The scope of delivery includes a HeNe laser with 632.8 nm wavelength.

Lens wedge

The GONIOMAT A5 does not require compressed air to achieve a measurement accuracy of 1.0 arc seconds. The user-friendly control is done by the proven GONIOMATIK Software. It is the cost-effective alternative to the fully automatic GONIOMAT APlus.

Calculating shutter speeds with ND filters is a simple process that requires just a few steps and should be easy for any photographer. A pocket calculator is an advantage for the procedure, but you always have it with you in the form of your cell phone. You can see the necessary steps here:

Each ELCOMAT® direct N consists of the autocollimation sensor and the software ELCOdirect. ELCOdirect can be used with Microsoft® Windows and a current PC, laptop or notebook. The autocollimation sensor is connected to the computer via the USB interface. A Microsoft® Windows Dynamic Link Library (DLL), autocollimation function, is included with the software ELCOdirect. ELCOMAT® is a registered Union Trademark (EUTM 018002083), Trade Mark in CN, US (Int. Reg. No. 1476462)

Clear aperturechart

Collimators, testing telescopes and autocollimators from Möller-Wedel Optical GmbH have established an excellent worldwide reputation with scientific institutes and leading manufacturers in the mechanical and plant engineering as well as in the optical industry for decades. This reputation is based on the high quality of these devices with an almost unlimited service life and the modular principle developed by Möller-Wedel Optical GmbH.

In direct comparison to its predecessor ELCOMAT® 3000, the ELCOMAT® 5000 features a 10-fold higher measuring frequency in addition to a larger measuring range and a better signal-to-noise ratio due to direct signal processing in the measuring head. In addition, internal position sensors can be used for fast and precise alignment of the measuring head and on-the-fly straightness measurement in interaction with the new 5000 display unit.

In addition to the modular test telescopes, collimators and autocollimators, we offer a range of other visual devices for a variety of measuring and testing tasks in the optical workshop.

The fully automatic goniometer GONIOMAT APLUS is the perfect measuring instrument for measuring and testing of angles, optical prisms, polygon mirrors, wedges and angle gauge blocks. The thoughtful mechanic-optical design and the innovative hard- and software guarantee the high reliability of measurement results and an excellent accuracy of 0.4 arcsecond.

Due to the phase shifting algorithm the software INTOMATIK-N offers higher accuracy and a larger measuring range with respect to surface form deviations in comparison to the INTOMATIK-S. Additionally the sign of the surface form deviation is automatically determined.

Numericalaperture

The LiveVIEWER software enables the intermediate image of the eyepiece reticle plane to be conveniently viewed on a screen and screenshots to be saved for the visual testing telescopes, autocollimators and alignment systems in combination with the Live Image Kit or a C-mount adapter and an industrial camera. The software always works in full screen mode.

For optics manufacturing at the highest level, we offer the appropriate measuring equipment. We have been at home in optics since 1864 and have developed into a specialist in the field of optical manufacturing.

By activating the mirror preset, the mirror of the camera is already folded up before the actual picture is taken. The mirror then remains in this position. If you then press the shutter button on the camera, the shock caused by the folding up of the mirror has already happened. Then only the "curtain" of the camera is opened to carry out the exposure, which means that the folding of the mirror can no longer have a negative effect on the image.

The high-precision goniometers of the GONIOMAT product series are indispensable measuring instruments in optics manufacturing and quality control. They enable the angular measurement and inspection of optical prisms, polygon mirrors, wedge plates and angle measures with a measuring accuracy of up to 0.4 angular seconds. An overview of the technical data of all available models can be found here

The ELCOMAT® HR is a measuring instrument for applications with the highest demands on accuracy. Ultrastable mechano-optical design and specially developed evaluation and calibration algorithms are the basis for the excellent accuracy. This makes the ELCOMAT® HR ideally suited as a reference instrument for national calibration institutes.

The transmission sphere system for the Interferometer VI-direct 100 consists of an optical connector, which includes parts of the lens system and a transmission sphere. Therefore the transmission sphere can be reduced to a minimal number of optical components. The arrangement of connector and transmission sphere results in a larger aperture diameter and in a larger measurement range in comparision to standard 4'' transmission spheres.

The gray filter is not only used to take photos in bright sunshine. A gray filter can be used to create a wide variety of effects, such as making people disappear from busy squares. As a rule of thumb, you can remember that the darker the gray filter, the stronger the effect that is achieved. The following effects are the most common and most requested by most photographers:

The ELCOdirect software is already included in the scope of delivery of the ELCOMAT® direct product line. The software can automatically and simultaneously detect up to 10 cross positions and automatically determine the wedge angle or the 90° angle error of 90° prisms. Note: Executable under Windows® / The software is not suitable for the ELCOMAT® product line!

The Micro-Interferometer VI-direct extends the range of flatness testing to the domain of smallest diameters. The Fizeau-type interferometer is able to measure the surface flatness of optical parts with a diameter between approx. 0.8 mm to 3.6 mm. The cost effective Micro-Interferometer VI-direct can be used for testing of optical parts like micro-prisms, laser crystals, fiber endings etc..

Our optical measuring devices support adjustment and alignment tasks as well as angular position monitoring in the manufacturing process.