Microscope Notes - what are the objective lenses on a microscope

 2024-11-23 01:58:19

At large apertures the f-stop is a small number and each successive stop is only a slightly larger number. As apertures get smaller, the f-stop number gets larger and the numeric gap between f-stops gets larger.

When we think of protecting ourselves from harmful UV rays, we often focus on sunscreen, hats, and sunglasses. However, many homeowners overlook the importance of safeguarding their homes from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation, which can lead to the need for costly and avoidable renovations down the line.

Other materials that can block UV rays include acrylic, polycarbonate, and specialized films designed for UV protection.

Stops f-stops and common fractional stops: f/1 – 1.2 – f/1.4 - 1.8 - f/2.0 – 2.2 - f/2.8 – 3.2 — 3.5 – f/4.0 – 4.5 – 5.0 — f/5.6 – 6.3 – 7.1 – f/8.0 – 9 – f/11 – 13 – 14 – f/16 –18 – 20 – f/22 – 28 – f/32 — f/45 — f/64 — f/90 — f/128

aperture中文

One of the most effective ways to minimize the impact of UV rays on your home is by installing the right windows. Modern window technologies, such as Low-E (low emissivity) coatings, can significantly reduce the amount of UV radiation that enters your home while still allowing natural light to brighten your living space.

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At the end of the day, for the most effective and long-lasting UV protection for your home, it's always recommended to consult with professionals from a reputable window and door replacement company who can provide you with expert guidance and offer solutions tailored to your specific needs, ensuring optimal UV protection and energy efficiency for your home. By implementing the right strategies and investing in UV-protective materials, you can effectively shield your home from the damaging effects of UV rays

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This podcast discusses of the essence of aperture – one of the core technical concepts that controls exposure. In the podcast, he compares aperture to turning on a faucet to fill a bathtub; the wider the aperture, the less time it takes to “fill” an image with light; the more open the faucet, the less time it takes to fill the tub with water. Filling the tub is like exposing an image until it becomes fully white. To be more accurate, each and every pixel in your camera's photo-sensor is such a bathtub or a bucket — if no water (light) gets in, that pixel is black. If the bucket fills with water (light), that pixel is white. Also, how aperture is related to depth of field is discussed (the depth of the region that is in focus). The wider the aperture, the narrower your depth of field. The smaller the aperture, the deeper the field of focus.

Our homes are not only a sanctuary for us and our families, but also a valuable investment that requires proper care and maintenance, and while we often focus on protecting ourselves from the harmful effects of UV rays, it's equally important to shield our homes from the damaging impact of ultraviolet radiation.

Add Two Stops... From f/5.6 to f/11 is two stops — your exposure has 1/4 as much light as before. Note that the number 11 is roughly 2x 5. From f/11 to f/22 is up two stops — 1/4 as much light. And, obviously, 22 is 2x 11.

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Pupilaperture

When purchasing lenses, the larger the aperture (the smaller f-stop) the better – and it will cost more. Most intro consumer zoom lenses have a maximum aperture around 4.0 or 4.5. A professional zoom lens may have a maximum aperture of 2.8 — such a lens will cost several times more than the consumer zoom lens. A decent 50mm prime less may have a maximum aperture of 1.8. A professional quality 50mm prime may have an aperture of 1.2 and cost a thousand dollars more than the f/1.8 lens. The size of the actual glass lenses in the f1.2 lens are much larger and are much more costly to manufacture.

f-stop vsaperture

There are many strategies you can rely on to block UV rays on your home windows, and one of the most effective of these methods is to install windows with Low-E coatings, as these coatings reflect a significant portion of UV radiation while still allowing natural light into your home.

Aperture

"An example of the use of f-numbers in photography is the sunny 16 rule: an approximately correct exposure will be obtained on a sunny day by using an aperture of f/16 and the shutter speed closest to the reciprocal of the ISO speed of the film; for example, using ISO 200 film, an aperture of f/16 and a shutter speed of 1/200 second. The f-number may then be adjusted downwards for situations with lower light." (WikiP)

(in the diagram, above, the max diameter of the lens is "D", which is similiar to the max aperture of the lens — though the aperture will always be somewhat smaller than the lens.)

Add a Stop or Closing Down a Stop For the photographer, every time the f-stop increases by a factor of 1.4, the aperture is half as large — half as much light exposes the sensor. That is, if you change the f-stop from f/1.4 to f/2.0, you've added "a stop" — you've reduced your exposure by half. If you change from f/2.0 to f/2.8, you've added a stop. From f/5.6 to f/8 you've added a stop. Etc.

The right windows, equipped with technologies like Low-E coatings, can significantly minimize the impact of UV radiation on your home's interior, and replacing older windows and doors with modern, UV-protective ones can further enhance your home's level of protection. By taking these proactive steps and consulting with a reputable window and door replacement company like Canadian Choice Windows and Doors, you can safeguard your home, enjoy more natural light, and ensure a comfortable living environment for years to come.

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Every full stop, the aperture doubles. "aperture doubles" means that the lens allows twice as much light in. So, if I change aperture from f/11 to f/8, f/8 allows twice the light in as f/11. When the aperture is closed by a full stop (via a higher f-stop), ½ of the light is allowed in. So if a switch from f/2.0 to f/2.8, f/2.8 lets ½ of the light in that f/2.0 lets in.

If your home currently has older windows and doors, it may be time to consider replacing them to maximize your UV protection.

"Diagram of decreasing apertures, that is, increasing f-numbers, in full-stop increments; each aperture has half the light gathering area of the previous one." (WikiP)

It's definitely possible for you to add UV protection to your windows, especially if you have existing windows that do not have UV-blocking properties.

Consider applying UV-blocking films or tints to the glass surface of your windows - these films can be professionally installed, and will provide an additional layer of UV protection. However, it's important to ensure that these films are specifically designed for your windows, and that they won't interfere with the functionality or appearance of the windows in your home. When in doubt, it's always a good idea to consult with window professionals to explore the best options for adding UV protection to your windows.

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The right windows can minimize UV impact in your home, which is why replacing older windows to maximize UV protection is paramount. UV rays can cause the fading of furniture, carpets, and artwork, as well as pose potential health risks to you and your family. By taking proactive measures to protect your home from UV rays, you can maintain its beauty, prolong its lifespan, and create a safe and comfortable living environment

f-stop是什么

Go up a Half Stop or a Third of a Stop... The "in between" partial stops are even less consistent mathematically than the whole stops. Between the largest apertures, you may have approximate half steps — f/1.4 to f/1.8 is not actually a half stop, but its close enough. At smaller apertures, rough 1/3 stops are common — between f/11 and f/16, you have f/13 – f/14. The steps are not actual 1/3 steps, but, again, its close enough. Photographers adjust freely up and down in fractional stops to improve their exposure — but they are usually not calculating aperture or percent change in illumination. They are just adding or removing exposure to lighten or darken the image — aperture adjustments become rather intuitive eventually, rather than being precisely calculated. Its more fun that way, after all.

Older windows are often less effective at blocking UV rays, and can allow a significant amount of radiation to enter your home. By replacing them with modern, energy-efficient windows, you can enhance both the UV protection and energy efficiency of your home.

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Aperture literally means Opening or Hole. A camera's aperture is a hole of varying size that influences how much light exposes an image — light passes through the opening in order to get to the image sensor (or film). The bigger the hole (the larger the aperture), the more light reaches the sensor. The smaller the hole (the smaller the aperture), the less light reaches the sensor.

In addition to Low-E coatings, there are many other types of modern window technologies that can enhance the UV protection of your home. For example, some windows are designed with multiple layers of glass, filled with insulating gases, and equipped with spectrally selective coatings. These technologies not only reduce the UV radiation entering your home, but also enhance your home's energy efficiency, making them a valuable investment for any homeowner.

F-stops

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Additionally, you can use window treatments such as blinds, shades, or curtains with UV-blocking properties to further reduce the amount of UV radiation that enters your home.

In addition to selecting the right windows and doors, consider other UV protection strategies for your home. Utilize window treatments like blinds, shades, or curtains with UV-blocking properties, as these can further reduce the amount of UV radiation that enters your home and protect your furnishings from fading.

When choosing replacement windows and doors, look for products that are specifically designed to provide superior UV protection. Make sure to also consult with a reputable window and door replacement company to explore your options, as they can guide you through the selection process and help you choose the best windows and doors that suit your needs, budget, and style preferences.

Go Down a Stop or Open Up a Stop And, conversly, every time the f-stop decreases by a factor of 1.4, the aperture is twice as large — twice as much light exposes the sensor. If you change your aperture from f/16 to f/11, you've gone down a stop and double the amount of light reaching the sensor... your image will be lighter. If you adjust your apertuure from f/5.6 to f/4, you've opened up by a full stop; twice as much light gets through. From f/22 to f/16 is down a stop and double the aperture.

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f-number

"Full Stops" are noted in bold, above. If you think these numbers are strange... be glad we traditionally round them off to only two significant digits. It could be worse. Strictly speaking, f2.8 should be f2.823427...

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Low-E coatings are microscopically thin, virtually invisible layers that are applied to the glass surface of windows. These coatings work by reflecting a large portion of the UV rays, helping to protect your home's interior from fading and damage.

F-stop

Aperture is one of the three corners of the "exposure triangle" — the three settings or controls that your camera offers to allow you control over exposure. (for the other two, see Shutter Speed and ISO)

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Note that each lens has its own max and min aperture (lowest f-stop and highest f-stop). These aperture variations are one of the key distinctions in lens design, lens capability and, of course, lens price.

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UV rays can cause significant damage to your property, leading to fading of furniture, carpets, and the visible structural elements of your home. They can also pose potential health risks for you and your family as well.

In order to protect your home and maintain its beauty and value, it is essential for you as a homeowner to take proactive measures against UV radiation – a process which starts with your home's windows.

As founder and President at Canadian Choice Windows and Doors, I've turned my passion for home improvement into a national brand. From our humble beginnings as a single store, we've expanded to six locations across Canada, specializing in windows, doors, and energy-efficient home solutions.

That’s not fully explained…I know. The "up" and "down" jargon gets frankly confusing because f-stops increasing means aperture decreasing. Its just one of the hazards of photography.

Where do they get those particular numbers?! f-stop values have to do with the area inside of a circle – the circle within your open aperture that allows light into the camera. Note that every-other number is different by a factor of about 1.4. Note that 2.0 is approximately 1.4x1.4 So 1.414 is the square root of 2, which is related to the fact that when you open your aperture by a full stop, you double the amount of light allowed in.

Aperture is measured, or described in "f-stops". The smaller the "f-stop", the larger the aperture. Its odd at first, but that's the system.

Certain materials are more effective at blocking UV rays than others, and when it comes to windows, glass with Low-E coatings is highly effective at minimizing the amount of UV radiation that enters your home.

At Canadian Choice Windows and Doors, our team is here for you to help you find the perfect windows for your home. Reach out to us today to schedule a consultation with ease!

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