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调制传递函数

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In Figure 1 this is equal to the evaluation length In (the total length of the surface profile recorded). The roughness profile (R-profile) is the profile ...

Optical design is the process of studying application requirements and designing optical systems to meet specific needs of optical instruments. The entire system may include optics, light source, sensor, electronics boards, display device, and/or other components. The system performance is not totally dependent on the optics. Every component within the system has contributions to the overall performance of optical instruments. For creating optical specifications and designing the optical components or assemblies, designers need to have a wide knowledge of opto-electronic components such as optical receivers and light sources, know the system performance limits, in-depth understand manufacturing tolerances and fabrication costs.

Edge spreadfunction

Shanghai Optics has an experienced engineering team to bring customers the most feasible design at the fastest speed and most affordable cost. Shanghai Optics offers variety of services in lens design, research and production.

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Depth of focus

Opticaltransfer function

Knowing the possible MTF curves and manufacturing tolerances can help optical designers more accurately predict the system performance and estimate fabrication costs of optical products.

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Point spreadfunction

Parfocal: the objective lenses are mounted on the microscope so that they can be interchanged without having to appreciably vary the focus.

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As an example, a diffraction-limited lens with an f/# of 4 and a working wavelength of 0.55µm, the cut-off spatial frequency is approximately 454lp/mm and the MTF is approximately 0.50 at the spatial frequency of 1837 lp/mm. • Manufacturing tolerances An optical system cannot perform better than its diffraction-limited MTF. Manufacturing errors and internal-reflections of optical systems can decrease the MTF values. Typical manufacturing tolerances are listed in the following table.

Lens MTF

mtf光学

Resolving power or resolution: the ability to distinguish objects that are close together.  The better the resolving power of the microscope, the closer together two objects can be and still be seen as separate.

One way to change the refractive index is by staining the specimen.  Another is to use immersion oil.  While we want light to refract differently between the specimen and the medium, we do not want to lose any light rays, as this would decrease the resolution of the image.  By placing immersion oil between the glass slide and the oil immersion lens (100X), the light rays at the highest magnification can be retained.  Immersion oil has the same refractive index as glass so the oil becomes part of the optics of the microscope.  Without the oil the light rays are refracted as they enter the air between the slide and the lens and the objective lens would have to be increased in diameter in order to capture them.  Using oil has the same effect as increasing the objective diameter therefore improving the resolving power of the lens.

The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is an important tool to quantify the overall imaging performance of a system. MTF is a function of spatial frequency (v), which is generally in the form of line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm). Every component within the system has an associated modulation transfer function. This includes the imaging lens, sensor, electronic board, etc.

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Where λ is the wavelength expressed in mm and f/# is the lens focal-ratio. An optical system cannot transmit information of spatial frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The diffraction-limited MTF is used to predict the upper performance limit of a lens system.

modulationtransferfunction中文

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Total magnification: In a compound microscope the total magnification is the product of the objective and ocular lenses (see figure below).  The magnification of the ocular lenses on your scope is 10X.

Immersion Oil:  Clear, finely detailed images are achieved by contrasting the specimen with their medium.  Changing the refractive index of the specimens from their medium attains this contrast.  The refractive index is a measure of the relative velocity at which light passes through a material.  When light rays pass through the two materials (specimen and medium) that have different refractive indices, the rays change direction from a straight path by bending (refracting) at the boundary between the specimen and the medium.  Thus, this increases the image’s contrast between the specimen and the medium.