eyeinfection中文

Loss prevention—also known as asset protection—is an ever-broadening, ever-growing field that has a lot to offer an entry-level job seeker. According to the Loss Prevention Foundation, the industry’s “wide spectrum of career options and tremendous potential for professional growth” make the job a rare find in today’s labor market. And the projected job growth—5 to 8 percent between 2014 and 2024—is on par with other industries, according to the Occupational Information Network (O*NET). It’s worth a closer look. But just what does a loss prevention associate do, anyway?

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The answer to the question “What does a loss prevention associate do?” will vary, but entry-level applicants who spend time understanding the job, the retail organization, and the challenges specific to both will find a great deal of opportunity in this space.

Being a confined space filled by the eyeball and muscles and fat tissue, orbit is free of gas content normally. Without any natural openings, external gas could only enter the orbit via periorbital sinuses, opening of septum either traumatically or surgically; or rarely developed in situ by gas forming anaerobes’ infection. Intraocular space is a sterile environment and intraocular gas is sometimes introduced intraoperatively for the intention to retain postoperatively for tamponade purpose. Commonest usage of gas tamponade would be on retinal detachment or macular hole surgery, when long-lasting intraocular gas is utilized as tamponade effect to appose the detached neurosensory retina toward the retinal pigment epithelium, postoperatively. 1 In addition, gas tamponade is also utilized after posterior lamella keratoplasty for graft apposition to host’s corneal stroma. 2 Depending on the nature of gas, complete resolution varies from days, for air, up to few weeks to months for SF 6 or C 3 F 8 , etc. 3

Volume of intravitreal gas is larger than intracameral gas, and the approximated sphere shaped vitreous cavity allows the intravitreal gas to keep its bubble configuration throughout the whole resorption stages. As gas is radiolucent on radiography, intravitreal gas appears as a radiolucency bubble on X-ray and computed tomography, bounded by the scleral shell, outlining the shape of the eyeball. This “Bubble Eye sign” differentiates intravitreal gas from small orbital emphysema in orbital fracture, when gas is located outside the globe but confined by the orbit, giving a crescent or concave shape usually flowing upwards over the superior orbit ( Figs 3 4 – 5 ).

Orbital X-ray (Caldwell’s view) of the same patient in Fig. 3 . Discontinuity of the left medial orbital wall suggested the site of orbital fracture.

Generally, an entry-level job title in LP is the “loss prevention associate.” However, the evolution of the field and responsibilities contained therein means that titles can change to reflect that. Alternative titles for entry-level LP jobs could include:

Job parameters for a loss prevention associate will vary depending on the particular retail organization. However, by and large, all loss prevention associates are expected to work in harmony with the rest of the retail team to achieve store objectives for preventing theft and ensuring safety. Sometimes LP associates assist in processing inventory and merchandise returns as well.

Loss prevention was once primarily responsible for the physical security of a retail space. LP once used to guard exit doors and stop shoplifters. However, many people are still under the misconception that this is still the LP associate’s dominant function, which is far from the case today.

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Computed tomography (transverse cut) of orbit of the same patient in Fig. 3 . Left orbital emphysema was well illustrated by the hypodense gas-filled spaces in between the soft tissue planes.

Computed tomography (transverse cut) of orbit. Right eye intravitreal cavity was filled by radiolucent gas bounded by the scleral shell and the natural lens over this transverse cut.

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Traumatic fall is not rare after intraocular surgeries for few reasons. First, there is loss of usual stereopsis. Adaptation to new visual sensation does require time, 4 and a gas-filled eye not only affects visual acuity, but also distorts images by its meniscus level. Second, with prolonged prone posturing after vitreoretinal surgery, patients would feel dizzy on standing and navigating around. Last, in elderly patients with poor vision over the contralateral eye, their comorbidities, like poor muscle strength, balancing, and gait problems, all contribute to accidental fall even in familiar places. 5

A decade or two ago, early-career loss prevention associates did not have many educational resources available to them. They just didn’t exist. Today’s LP associates can access webinars, college programs, and even resources like LP Magazine and the certification courses through Loss Prevention Foundation to gain a better understanding about how the industry works and how LP fits into the bigger picture of business in the retail environment.

Address for correspondence Sunny C. L. Au, MRCSEd(Ophth), AFCOphthHK Department of Ophthalmology, 9/F, MO office, Lo Ka Chow Memorial Ophthalmic Centre, Tung Wah Eastern Hospital, 19 Eastern Hospital Road, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s, Republic of China, Email: kilihcua@gmail.com

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Gas, appears as radiolucent on X-ray, is normally absent in the orbit. However, intraocular surgeries occasionally utilize retained intraocular gas for tamponade effect. Intravitreal gas persists after retinal surgery, being confounded by the scleral shell of the operated eye, outlines the shape of the eyeball, and gives the characteristic bubble appearance on skull X-ray. This is different from orbital emphysema caused by orbital fracture when gas is located outside the globe but confined by the orbit, giving a crescent or concave shape over the superior orbit usually. Falls is common after intraocular retinal surgeries due to change of usual stereopsis, prolonged prone posturing, and other systemic comorbidities. By identifying the “Bubble Eye sign” described, attending physician should alert the presence of intravitreal gas, most commonly iatrogenic. Further ophthalmological history taking and examinations are thus indicated, instead of exposing patients to unnecessary radiation under computed tomography scan for orbital fracture investigation.

A 58-year-old lady underwent pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal gas (14% C 3 F 8 ) tamponade for retinal detachment repair. She complied with prone posture and surgical wounds were stable postoperatively. Unfortunately, she fell down the stairs at home the day after discharge from hospital, and readmitted for head injury. Investigation by skull X-ray showed radiolucency over the right orbit in bubble configuration ( Fig. 1 ). Attending emergency physician further worked up with computed tomography scan to rule out orbital fractures which revealed negative density within the vitreous cavity (−990 to −400 Hounsfield’s unit) with the shape of the eyeball maintained ( Fig. 2 ).

The bubble eye sign. Orbital X-ray (Waters’ view) showing radiolucency over the right orbit. The gas was taking the configuration of a bubble, compatible with gas-filled intravitreal cavity confounded by the eyeball.

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In conclusion, by identifying the “Bubble Eye sign,” physicians can differentiate intravitreal gas from orbital emphysema caused by orbital fracture, when more in-depth ophthalmological history taking and examinations are more indicated than computed tomography scan with radiation exposure to patients.

Contemporary loss prevention professionals still maintain responsibility for retail security. But they also must handle employee theft issues, data protection, safety and risk management, inventory audits, legal compliance, and matters related to organized retail crime and fraud. It’s more appropriate to say that loss prevention has evolved into a core business function that plays a crucial role in protecting the profits of the world’s largest retailers.

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Orbital X-ray (Waters’ view) of another orbital fracture case for comparison. Left orbital emphysema classically seen after orbital fracture was evidenced by the rim of radiolucent gas over the superior orbit. It also outlined the eyeball position, but by its extraocular location.

As an early-career associate, the loss prevention associate job description may not include all of these functions right away. Nevertheless, it’s important to recognize from the outset that such responsibilities eventually fall under the domain of the loss prevention department in many organizations. If an entry-level job seeker chooses to progress and grow in an LP career, he or she will want to be aware of and conversant with all these business areas. It’s never too soon to start learning about them.

A careful review of recent job postings for loss prevention associates on LPjobs.com—the premier job board for loss prevention postions—reveals that the role can entail some combination of the following responsibilities: