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In the shorter term, there are projectile-based weapons, which are similar to the Sticky Shocker -- but with clever twists to make them safer or more effective. In 2005, I looked at three of them being developed by the Department of Homeland Security: one based on a ring aerofoil to minimize impact, one which used piezoelectric crystals to shock on contact, and one with a remote control feature so the target can be shocked at will after being hit. There are also independent developments like Lektrox("the original wireless electric bullet") and ShockRounds.

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Stun guns have been limited, since their birth, by the length of their wires and barbs. But that may be about to change. Taser International is about to roll out its new, wireless weapon in Chicago on Monday. It's a shocking projectile, fired from a 12-gauge shotgun, called the XREP. And if it lives up to the considerable hype, the XREP (and its many, many competitors) could be qualitatively different from any less-lethal weapon we've seen before; the projectiles could require new tactics and maybe new laws.

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We already know that the projectile weights just 14 grams (half an ounce), is less than .1 cubic inches and has a range of at least thirty meters. Its effects are similar to the latest Taser, the X26 – it will bring down anyone instantly, however tough, fanatical or drugged-up. It features "groundbreaking flight stabilization and microprocessor-controlled intelligent electrode selection technologies." And it was developed for military use with funding from the Office of Naval Research, with the largest contract in the company's history. According to a press release,

But will the military take to it? One big issue is how long XREPwill be able to immobilize a target for. Knocking someone down for five seconds is not enough in a firefight. The technology is not necessarily a problem – Foster-Miller developed an electrified net fired from a grenade launcher which was "shown to be effective up to 60minutes and within human health effects guidelines" . That might be acceptable on the battlefield, but not as a police tool.

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The far-out thinkers have looked to transmit electricity through the air, one way or another. In its simplest form you have Diehl's Liquid Taser – basically a water pistol or water cannon with added electricity. Then there's the Plasma Taser, which creates a conductive channel of particles in the air. The StunStrike which uses a Tesla coil to generate a stream of electricity. Some weapon-makers are even trying to ionize the air with short-pulse lasers – man-made lightning.

"The Marine Corps Systems Command conveyed an interest in this type of technology to ONR. The requirement was to 'clear facilities,' basically what our Marines are doing today in Iraq and elsewhere, going building to building and room to room." stated Mr. John Beadling, an ONR support contractor.

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This is the first hint of what XREP could mean. At present, less-lethals are seen as a supplement to lethal weapons. XREP might see the start of less-lethals being used as an alternative. In the example of room clearance -- where insurgents, civilians, or friendly troops can be around the next corner -- a shotgun round like XREP can mean the difference between firing first and getting shot. And it means that accidental shootings are a matter of apologizing to the victim rather than burying them.

Long-range electroshock has been a Holy Grail for years. Tesla searched for artificial lightning. More recently, in the 90s, there was the Sticky Shocker-- a projectile, fired from a grenade launcher, which stuck to the target with barbs or glue (both were tested) and gave them a series of shocks. But a maximum range of just ten meters -- and a risk of impact injury at close range -- prevented it from being adopted.

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At first XREP and its competitors and imitators will be confined to the police and military. But, like Tasers, they will branch out into the civilian world. Home defense will be a lot safer with non-lethal projectiles. And what about armed robbers? Are we going to do everything to stop them from getting hold of electric bullets…or would it actually be a step forward if they routinely used stun bullets rather than lethal ones? Should sentencing reflect this?

On the civilian front, there is also the question of how dangerous such rounds are. Getting hit by XREP is not like getting hit by Taser darts. Rick Smith, Taser's CEO says describes it as"delivering blunt impact similar to other impact rounds" – presumably he means the 'bean bag' nonlethal rounds fired from shotguns. These will bruise and can break ribs and cause other injuries; when BatonRouge Police Department introduced them in 2005 for use against violent suspects, their press release said that "The bean bag round is designed to cause injuries in order to save lives."

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Taser's XREP will be the first out of the box, with the weapon being released for field testing starting this fall for 6-12 months followed by full production in 2008.

It's also worth considering the future implications of this technology. XREP and all Taser's products are resolutely non-lethal, its makers insist. But the same technology could be adapted to produce lethal effects. Some companies in this area, such as ShockRounds Inc., have openly mentioned this, and there's no doubt that foreign companies will be taking XREP apart and 'improving' it as soon as they can. It won't take much of a technological leap to produce an electroshock sniper round which will kill instantly if it hits anywhere on the body at any range.