But in the UK, Merseyside Police has repeatedly refused to provide videos of two officers switching off their cameras during an incident where a man was punched five times - a decision supported by the Information Commissioner. The force argued the footage did not provide "any tangible benefit to the public".

The BBC has heard multiple complaints that video is not being shared with defence teams under disclosure rules, despite its increasing importance in criminal cases.

Separately, the tribunal also ruled against releasing videos showing a British Transport Police officer turning off his colleague's camera on two occasions - one during a shift where he intentionally damaged a detained person's phone, and another when a search for drugs was being carried out on a young man.

But he added that releasing footage was a challenge because the current legal framework - which includes data protection law - works against transparency.

Thurau pointed to other cases of Tasers she says were wrongly deployed on children, including an 11-year-old girl in Cincinnati who was suspected of shoplifting, and a 16-year-old in Florida who was simply waiting for his girlfriend at her backdoor. He fell and smashed his head.

The Met told the BBC it accepts there were errors with disclosure of evidence in Louisa and Yufial's case and apologised in a statement. Despite this, it proceeded with a second case against Louisa, alleging she had provided false information at the police station. She was recently acquitted again.

They faced a two-year legal battle to obtain crucial body-worn video evidence showing use of force by police against them.

Thurau: "Regrettably, there is no uniformity, no consistency in data collection within states, across states, between departments. It is highly problematic, so we don't know how often Tasers are used, know when they are used on kids. We don't know what the outcomes are."

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"To do the Drive Stun Mode, even though it was through the young man's clothes, is especially bothersome, because that is done to cause pain. Pain compliance, and the use of pain to get young people to comply, is just wrong, especially for a broken window," Thurau said.

In 2021, police in Ohio published footage of Ma'Khia Bryant, 16, being fatally shot while holding a knife. While the video supported the police's view that she appeared to be dangerous, it also raised questions about whether a Taser or other tactic could have been used.

They were both eventually acquitted. At Yufial's hearing, the judge said it seemed the prosecution had deliberately failed to disclose relevant information.

Switching off cameras during incidents, for which some officers faced no sanctions - one force said an officer may have been "confused"

Siblings Louisa and Yufial say failures to turn cameras on and disclose the correct footage were responsible for a two-year legal "nightmare"

Body-worn cameras were supposed to increase transparency in policing but this investigation has uncovered more than 150 reports of failings. We reveal how cameras have been switched off when force was used, videos have been deleted or not disclosed, and footage has been shared on social media.

Days later, Sergeant Langan told officials investigating his actions that the shooting was an accident and he thought he was firing his Taser.

The 14-year-old boy scratching his head and the girl next to him was being questioned by Sauk Village police about a broken window.

The West Midlands Police officer had been responding to an alarm on a bus in 2021. Only one of the six attending officers had switched their cameras on.

Police officers are switching off their body-worn cameras when force is used, as well as deleting footage and sharing videos on WhatsApp.

Washington calls the boy her son. CBS 2 showed her body camera footage that had been kept secret for a year and a half. A chilling sound that lasted for 11 seconds.

But forces almost never release this footage to the press after significant incidents or in response to Freedom of Information requests.

However, in the US, some police forces have quickly released footage of significant incidents - even where their actions may face criticism.

Police forces' attitudes towards cameras are wrong, says Baroness Louise Casey, who conducted a year-long review into the Met Police published in March, and found it lacked accountability and transparency.

That PC filmed the officer in charge assaulting a man - and told the court the same officer then asked him not to upload the footage on return to the station.

Her organization works with law enforcement and kids, by helping to create policies and training programs to avoid situations like this.

Meanwhile, Yufial, who spent two years trying to clear his name, says the use of cameras is further damaging trust in the police.

Cases in seven forces where officers shared camera footage with colleagues or friends - either in person, via WhatsApp or on social media

Thurau's nationwide examination of decades of lawsuits involving Tasers, also called "Conducted Electrical Weapons," found the devices were used on a disproportionate number of children of color and children with disabilities.

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The BBC was only able to obtain footage of an assault by an officer in Wolverhampton, for which he was given a custodial sentence, after attending his criminal trial, where it was shared under legal obligations to disclose evidence.

"This is what I call use of force for officer expedience," Thurau said. "No, that is not why you use force with anybody. You don't do it so that you can punish or cause them pain. You don't do it to subjugate them and teach them their place. You don't do it because you don't feel like running. That's not what an officer uses force for. That's not an acceptable justifiable use of force under any legal framework in the United States."

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A BBC investigation has uncovered more than 150 reports of camera misuse by forces in England and Wales - described as "shocking" by a leading officer.

Siblings Louisa, 25, and Yufial, 23 were prosecuted after being accused of assaulting and abusing officers at a Black Lives Matter protest in London in May 2020. They always maintained their innocence and that the police assaulted them.

The failures uncovered by the BBC are "unlawful" in some cases, says the National Police Chief Council's lead for body-worn video, Acting Chief Constable Jim Colwell.

Footage being lost, deleted or not marked as evidence, including video, filmed by Bedfordshire Police, of a vulnerable woman alleging she had been raped by an inspector - the force later blamed an "administrative error"

As her son got away from the Taser, he started to sprint. At that point, his encounter with police became nearly fatal. The other officer, Sergeant Scott Langan, drew his gun from his holster, aimed it, and fired - shooting the teen just below his belt on his hip.

The roll-out of body-worn cameras, costing at least £90m over the past decade, was intended to benefit both victims and the police - protecting officers against malicious complaints and improving the quality of evidence collected.

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She said many senior police officers believe body-worn video exists almost to cover their backs: "The sooner they get their heads around the fact that it's a tool that would help them build trust they'd be on to something - instead of hiding it."

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Thurau: "Without understanding the lethal and sometimes long-term consequences of Tasers, you're putting a whole lot of kids at risk, and you're not giving officers what they need; which is policies, training, and guidance about the risk of this kind of weapon on kids."

The clash, which only lasted a little longer than a minute, led to Louisa being restrained by a group of officers using a technique described as involving an "enormous" use of force by one restraint expert.

The siblings say their "two-year nightmare" has had a significant impact on their lives. Louisa deferred a law degree for three years, fearing a prosecution, while Yufial lost his job. Both blame the police misuse of body-worn video.

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The cameras were introduced to improve policing transparency, but we found more than 150 camera misuse reports with cases to answer over misconduct, recommendations for learning or where complaints were upheld.

Both siblings were arrested and charged. Yufial was accused of assaulting an officer, while Louisa was accused of being threatening or abusive towards another.

Lisa Thurau has studied the misuse of Tasers on children around the country as director of the nonprofit, Strategies for Youth.

Although some forces have scrutiny panels, and regulators will review footage as part of misconduct proceedings, the police are largely responsible for scrutinising camera use themselves.

"He has to live with those bruises from getting tased the rest of his life. The gunshot wound. He has to live with that," Washington said crying.

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A spokesperson said: "Police use of technology, including body-worn video cameras, must be lawful, proportionate and justified."

An unsuccessful appeal at an Information Tribunal - part of which was held as a closed hearing, meaning the footage couldn't be viewed - ruled that it should not be released. Although not unusual for information tribunal hearings, closed sessions are more usually reserved for subjects involving national security in other proceedings.

The NPCC's Jim Colwell, Acting Chief Constable of Devon & Cornwall Police, says the vast majority of body-worn video shows good policing, but publication of footage should be the default where lawful to do so.

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"Each time I see something like this, after doing this for so long, I am still outraged, terrified, and revolted. I feel for this kid," she said.

Judge Sophie Buckley found that the footage was the officer's "personal data" - and releasing video of the moment of de-activation would be "meaningless".

But during a two-year investigation, the BBC has obtained reports of misuse from Freedom of Information requests, police sources, misconduct hearings and regulator reports.

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There are two settings for Officer Seth Brown's Taser; one setting shoots darts connected to wires, penetrating skin to immobilize a person. The other setting is called Drive Stun Mode, where the device is directly pressed against a person like a cattle prod. Brown was seen pressing his into the teen's clothing.

Among evidence obtained by the BBC are multiple previously unreleased videos of an incident which illustrates some of the concerns held about the use of cameras.

Bettina Washington is upset that neither officer was charged for their role in injuring the teen, and she's also upset to learn a police disciplinary investigation into the incident didn't even begin until last month - a year and a half after the teen was tasered and shot.

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Forces tend to release footage to accompany news stories which show the results of successful operations or following prosecutions in major cases.

The Home Office declined to say whether it planned to change how cameras were used or amend legislation to encourage forces to publish footage more regularly.

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Things escalated quickly. The teen was shocked repeatedly with an electroshock weapon - a Taser delivering voltage and an electrical discharge causing an immense amount of pain.

Footage seen by the BBC shows Louisa being pushed by a female officer while another shows Yufial being struck by a male officer, who is then pulled back by colleagues.