(12) DOD. 2009. Instruction 6055.08, Occupational Ionizing Radiation Protection Program, incorporating change 2, August 31, 2019.

(6) APHC. 2020. Technical Information Paper 24-108-0420, Military Laser Exemption from U.S. Food and Drug Administration Requirements.

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Harmful effects ofradiationon environment

The OPD’s training—”Procedural Justice in Motion”—was deployed over 41 sessions conducted during eight months in 2017-2018. Only 36% of the department’s officers attended a session that they were originally assigned.

(10) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). C95 Standards: Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure To Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.

What is the first sign of too muchradiation

Using body camera footage, Camp and colleagues analyzed the words used in traffic stop recordings to detect whether officers enacted the five behaviors addressed in the training. They include: initiate with a greeting; state reason for stop early on; offer reassurance; express concern for safety; and use formal rather than informal titles.

Compared to recordings of stops that occurred before the officer’s training, the researchers found that officers employed more of these techniques in post-training stops four weeks later—officers were more likely to express concern for drivers’ safety, offer reassurance and provide explicit reasons for the stop.

Exposure to nonionizing radiation may cause eye and skin injuries, with the eye being the most sensitive. Higher-powered systems requiring high voltage may result in shock or burn hazards. For most sources, the effects of exposure are determined by the wavelength and dose received by the Soldier. Exposure to ionizing radiation resulting in an absorbed dose may cause acute tissue reactions or an increased risk of cancer. The nature of these effects depends on the amount of radiation absorbed, the rate at which it is absorbed, and the biological tissues affected. Keeping exposures as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), requiring proper engineering controls and safety features (e.g., interlocks, laser beam attenuators), and implementing a safe standoff distance (SSD) are examples of risk mitigations recommended to protect Soldier health.

Charged, subatomic particles and ionized atoms with kinetic energies greater than 12.4 electronvolts (eV), electromagnetic radiation with photon energies greater than 12.4 eV, and all free neutrons and other uncharged subatomic particles (except neutrinos and antineutrinos). When ionizing radiation passes through material, it can deposit enough energy to produce ions by breaking molecular bonds and displacing (or removing) electrons from atoms or molecules.

(3) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 2014. IEC 60825-1:2014, Safety of laser products -- Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements.

Nonionizing, electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from about 1 millimeter (about 300 gigahertz (GHz)) to static fields (0 hertz).

Radiationhazards PDF

Request an NRPS for all applicable laser and optical radiation sources. The NRPS documents the laser system's classification (i.e., Class 1, 1M, 2, 2M, 3R, 3B, or 4) and appropriate control measures1,2,3,4,5. Provide all available system information such as the name and model, serial number, wavelength, average and/or maximum power or energy, divergence, initial beam diameter, and pulse information (e.g., pulse width, frequency). Identify details about the system's normal use (e.g., how it's used, Soldier locations, mounting platform) and safety features.

Radiationhazards and protection

(7) DOD. 1991. Military Standard 1425A, DOD Design Criteria Standard: Safety Design Requirements for Military Lasers and Associated Support Equipment. Notice 1, 29 March 2010.

Provide detailed information about all sources of ionizing radiation prior to purchase and use by the Army. Identify details about the system's normal use (e.g., Soldier locations, exposure duration and frequency, expected radiation dose rates) and controls implemented to keep exposures ALARA.  Identify the types, quantities, and radiological characteristics of all radioactive material (RAM) and ionizing radiation-generating devices.

The MCAM provides the information needed to make informed decisions based on anticipated cost avoidance benefits, potentially reducing injuries and saving lives.

Army systems comply to the greatest extent possible with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements and with the accessible emission limits (AELs) and maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits1,2,3,4. Some laser products are declared military-exempt, meaning they are specifically exempted from one or more FDA requirements due to military mission need6. Military-exempt systems must still include alternate controls to eliminate or control hazards5,7.

(5) American National Standards (ANSI). 2014. ANSI Z136.1-2014, Safe Use of Lasers, Laser Institute of America: Orlando, Florida.

Guidance for protection of personnel to RFR includes information such as MPE limits, warning sign formats, and recommended practices for safety programs9,10. There are no expectations that any adverse health effects result from exposures that are below the MPE limits, even under repeated or long-term exposure conditions.  A minimum safety factor of 10 is incorporated into these standards. These MPEs are also assessed with reference to spatial and temporal averaging.

In an analysis involving the Oakland (California) Police Department, officers who received procedural training expressed more reassurance, safety concerns and clearer justifications during traffic stops.

Coordinate with the Health Hazard Assessment (HHA) Program early in the acquisition process to eliminate or control ionizing and nonionizing radiation exposures associated with materiel. Subject matter experts from the Nonionizing Radiation Division and Health Physics Division provide input for HHAs related to radiation energy. Most systems require a Nonionizing Radiation Protection Study (NRPS) in conjunction with an HHA.

Request an NRPS for all applicable radio frequency radiation (RFR) sources. In lieu of an NRPS, provide adequate data that supports an assessment. Provide all available radio frequency emitter information such as the emitter name and model, serial number, frequency, average output power, antenna gain, duty factor, beam width, and aperture area. Emitter information can be obtained from DD Form 1494, the manufacturers' technical manuals, or the FCC8. Identify details about the system's normal use (e.g., how it's used, Soldier locations, antenna height, elevation angle) and safety features.

what are 5 harmful effects of radiation?

Nevertheless, the use of body camera footage “holds promise as a tool to capture gaps in police interactions, to orient training towards those processes and to measure progress in improving them,” Camp said.

“Our findings illustrate how training might improve police-community conversations, how AI tools can be used to help analyze these conversations, and, more broadly, how body camera footage can be used to affect and measure change,” Camp said.

The study, which appears in PNAS Nexus, was co-authored by Rob Voigt of Northwestern University and MarYam Hamedani, Dan Jurafsky and Jennifer Eberhardt of Stanford University.

Radiationhazards PPT

Oakland’s police department, as part of a court-ordered negotiated settlement dating back to 2003, was required to institute procedural justice training for all sworn personnel, starting in 2014. Other police agencies have added similar training to improve police-community relations, Camp said.

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For more information and guidelines for assessing radiation energy health hazards, see Technical Guide 351B, Health Hazard Assessor's Guide, Volume 2: Radiation Energy.

Training police officers on effective communication through body-worn camera analysis can improve their interactions with community members, a new University of Michigan study suggests.

Harmful effects ofradiationon humans

Army life cycle management implements ionizing radiation safety requirements and exposure limit criteria for personnel potentially exposed to ionizing radiation2,11,12,13. The primary limit is an effective whole-body dose not exceeding 50 millisievert (5000 millirem) per year11.  A U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) license or Army Radiation Authorization (ARA) must be in place to support acquisition for most RAM.

Radiationhazard example

(9) DOD. 2009. Instruction 6055.11, Protecting Personnel from Electromagnetic Fields. Incorporating Change 2, August 31, 2018.

“Today the bulk of police-community interactions remain out of sight not only because they are unrecorded, but also because even when they are recorded, the footage goes unobserved,” he said.

As it relates to drivers’ racial backgrounds, most of the stops involved Black and Hispanic drivers. OPD officers employed more respectful language with white drivers vs. other ethnicities in traffic stops.

Given the racial disparities that motivated the training, did the training improve officer interactions with Black community members? Or did it merely improve already respectful interactions with white drivers? Camp said the answers are constrained by the study’s sample size, the large number of stops of Black drivers compared to other ethnic groups, and the many stops.

Nonionizing, electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths in the ranges from 100 nanometers to 1 millimeter representing ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation (i.e., wavelengths that affect the eye and skin). Potential sources of optical radiation include lasers and high-intensity optical sources (HIOS) (e.g., spotlights).

The findings come as public concerns about questionable police behavior caught on body cameras continue to make their way into the news media. Law enforcement interactions with the public are often invisible in the data used to evaluate, said lead author Nicholas Camp, U-M assistant professor of organizational studies.