Modulation transferfunctionin Ophthalmology

If a tobacco product manufacturer wishes to be added to these Directories, it should contact the New Jersey Attorney General’s Office, Division of Law’s Tobacco Enforcement Unit at 609-696-5363.

There are two groups of test lines for each Sagital and Meridonial value: one group or line pairs at 10 lines per millimeter and a second group at 30 lines per millimeter. The lower line pairs (10 lines/mm) will generally be plotted higher on the graph than the more challenging fine resolution 30 lines/mm.

Below is a MTF chart for the AF-S DX NIKKOR 35mm f/1.8G lens. When measuring a lens' performance for a MTF chart, Nikon tests are carried out with the lens at its maximum (widest) aperture. The contrast of the Sagital and Meridonial line pairs at various points from the lens' center are read and plotted on the chart.

In 1998, the State of New Jersey along with 45 other states, the District of Columbia and 5 United States Territories entered into the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”) to settle claims against the four largest tobacco manufacturers. Under the MSA, the manufactures agreed to certain restrictions on their marketing and the payment of compensation to offset State costs arising from the health problems associated with the use of their tobacco products. In addition, the MSA effectively changed how tobacco companies that sell cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco can do business in New Jersey.

It is unlawful for any person to stamp, sell, offer or possess for sale a package or container of cigarettes of a tobacco product manufacturer or a brand family that is not published in the Attorney General’s Directories. Those who violate this legislation may face criminal and civil penalties. The maximum civil penalty is $5,000.00 per violation, or 500% of the retail value of the product sold, whichever is greater. In addition, persons who stamp, sell or possess for sale in New Jersey, a brand not included on the Attorney General’s Directories, may have their licenses suspended or revoked and any product found in their possession will be deemed contraband and will be seized and destroyed. Finally, profits gained in violation of this legislation will be disgorged and paid to the State Treasurer.

Participating Manufacturer Certification for Inclusion (pdf) in New Jersey Attorney General’s Directory of Tobacco Product Manufacturers.

The y-axis (vertical axis) of a MTF chart plots the transmission of light through the lens with a maximum value of "1.0" which would indicate 100% transmittance of the light, although 100% transmittance of light is not possible because glass is not 100% transparent.

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Mtf functionin optical

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MTFimage quality

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Another factor that can be read from the MTF graph is the 'bokeh' of the lens. Bokeh is a term used to describe the quality of the out of focus areas a lens produces. The bokeh effect varies between lenses and the effect is influenced by the quality of the lens elements used and the number of aperture blades in the lens design (more blades produce a better circle and therefore a better 'bokeh' effect). The closer the solid line and the dotted line are together, the softer the out of focus effect will be on a particular lens.

In general, the higher and flatter the lines the better. Higher lines indicate better contrast (10 lines/mm) or resolution (30 lines/mm) while a flatter (left to right) line shows that the optical performance is close to the same at the edge of the image compared to the center.

Fashion photography with Dixie Dixon, Visual Storytelling with Joe McNally, Wedding photography with Jerry Ghionis and Sports photography with Rod Mar

MTFOptics

Modulation transferfunctionRadiology

Modulation Transfer Function or "MTF" is a measurement of the optical performance potential of a lens. MTF charts can give you a better understanding of the optical quality of various NIKKOR lenses, and can be useful references when researching, comparing and purchasing a lens. MTF charts can be found on the webpages dedicated to each NIKKOR lens on the Nikon website.

Subsequently, in February 2003, the New Jersey Legislature enacted another statute entitled “An Act Concerning Certain Tobacco Product Manufacturers and Supplementing Title 52 of the Revised Statutes.” N.J.S.A. 52:4D-4 et seq. This statute mandates that all manufacturers who wish to sell their product in New Jersey must first certify to the State to be included on one of the following approved Directories issued by the Attorney General: (1) the Participating Manufacturers Directory, for members of the MSA; and (2) the Non-Participating Manufacturers Directory, for non-members of the MSA. Each Directory includes the “brand families” that are allowed to be sold within New Jersey. The term “brand family” means all styles sold under the same trademark and differentiated from one another by means of additional modifiers or descriptors, such as menthol, lights, kings, or 100’s, as defined in N.J.S.A. 52:4D-5.

The red 10 line/mm (10 lines per millimeter) indicates the lens' ability to reproduce low spatial frequency or low resolution. This line indicates the lens' contrast values and the higher and straighter this line is the better; because the higher the line appears the greater the amount of contrast the lens can reproduce. 
The blue 30 line/mm (30 lines per millimeter) indicates the lens' ability to to reproduce higher spatial frequency or higher resolution; this line relates to the resolving power of the lens and again the higher the line the better.

Eyepiece: It is also referred to as the ocular. This area is used to view objects through the microscope. It is located at the tip of the microscope.

The line starts on the left of the chart which represents the center of the lens. As the line moves to the right it indicates the edge of the lens, so you can see how the contrast and sharpness of the lens decreases from the center to the edge of the image.

Certification of Brand Family and Units SoldNon-Participating Manufacturer Certification of Additional InformationNon-Participating Manufacturer Certification of Appointment of Agent for Service of ProcessNon-Participating Manufacturer’s Sales InformationNon-Participating Manufacturer Bond Form

"Sagital lines" (the solid lines) represent the contrast measurements of pairs of lines that run parallel to a central diagonal line that passes through the middle of the lens from the bottom left hand corner to the top right hand corner.

Participating Manufacturers (PM) who would like to sell or continue to sell their products to consumers in New Jersey should complete the following forms:

Non-Participating Manufacturers (NPM) that are interested in selling their tobacco products to consumers in New Jersey should complete the requirements in the following forms:

Using a MTF chart is the preferred method for studying lens optical performance as they use theoretical equations to plot a performance graph and don't rely on subjective opinion, subject matter, camera features, software or other factors.

While a MTF chart can be used to compare two similar lens from the same manufacturer it can be difficult to compare across different manufacturers due to testing and display differences. Further, a MTF chart measures theoretical optical performance of a lens only. Many factors (camera imaging sensor, camera software settings, filters, subject matter, subject/camera motion, etc.) can greatly affect the final image quality so MTF charts should only be used as a starting point when comparing and purchasing a lens.

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Mtf functionformula

A MTF chart plots the contrast and resolution of a lens from the center to its edges against a "perfect" lens that would transmit 100% of the light that passes through it. The contrast of a lens is important as this works in correlation to lens resolution.

The x-axis (horizontal axis) shows the distance from the center of the image towards its edges. So, the "0" in the lower left corner represents the center of the lens and the numbers along the lower axis represent the distance out towards the edge of the lens in millimeters.

Modulation transferfunctionimage processing

The MTF chart consists of measurement for the Sagital and Meridonial lines at both 10 lines per millimeter and 30 lines per millimeter. This produces a chart with 4 separate lines.

Modulation transferfunctionformula

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Tobacco manufacturers who wish to sell their product in New Jersey are subject to two important statutes. Initially, in June 1999, the New Jersey Legislature enacted the Model Statute, N.J.S.A. 52:4D-1 et seq. Under the Model Statute, tobacco manufacturers must either become a party to the MSA and comply with its terms, or establish an escrow account and pay into such escrow account as a “non-participating manufacturer” in accordance with N.J.S.A. 52:4D-1 et seq. A tobacco manufacturer who fails to comply with either of these two requirements and sells its products in New Jersey, is subject to litigation and civil penalties.

"Meridonial lines" (the dotted lines) represent line pairs also positioned along an imaginary line from the center of a lens to the edge but these line pairs are perpendicular to the diagonal line.

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