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4. Application of the Definitions: - Most optical laws, such as the laws of reflection and refraction, are primarily applicable to paraxial rays because their behavior can be approximated more easily than that of marginal rays, which may require more complex calculations due to their angles.

1. Understanding the Principal Axis: - The principal axis is an imaginary line that passes through the center of a spherical mirror or lens and is perpendicular to its surface. It serves as a reference line for analyzing the behavior of light rays.

5. Conclusion: - In summary, paraxial rays are close to the principal axis and are easier to analyze, while marginal rays are further away and can complicate the analysis of optical systems.

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2. Defining Paraxial Rays: - Paraxial rays are those light rays that are very close to the principal axis. They make small angles with the principal axis and are used in ray optics to simplify calculations and predictions about the behavior of light.

For a concave mirror, paraxial rays are focused at distance R2 from pole and marginal rays are focused at distance x from pole, then (R is radius of curvature)

3. Defining Marginal Rays: - Marginal rays, on the other hand, are those rays that are far from the principal axis. These rays can make larger angles with the principal axis and are often used to analyze the behavior of light at the edges of mirrors or lenses.

This section discusses the mechanism of refraction that underlies the operation of a lens, issues that affect its performance, and the different lens types.

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