Vulvoplasty is an alternative to Vaginoplasty that has the look and function female genitalia but without the creation of a vaginal canal. Vulvoplasty is requested by a growing number of patients. More »

Yes, human eyes can have slight distortion! The curved shape and uneven density create a warped image on the retina. But our brain cleverly corrects for this distortion, giving us a clear picture of the world.

The pixel on which the green light is projected will already have its own pixel data. When the misplaced green light falls on the same position, the nature of the data at the particular position differs. While sampling these pixels, we get a smudged and inaccurate image. These kinds of distortions cannot be corrected since we cannot subtract the misplaced intensity information from the pixel because the intensity depends on a lot of factors, such as the scene being shot, color, and the distance between the camera lens and the object. So, we cannot determine the intensity that has to be subtracted from the particular pixel to remove chromatic aberration.

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Prabu is the Chief Technology Officer and Head of Camera Products at e-con Systems, and comes with a rich experience of more than 15 years in the embedded vision space. He brings to the table a deep knowledge in USB cameras, embedded vision cameras, vision algorithms and FPGAs. He has built 50+ camera solutions spanning various domains such as medical, industrial, agriculture, retail, biometrics, and more. He also comes with expertise in device driver development and BSP development. Currently, Prabu’s focus is to build smart camera solutions that power new age AI based applications.

Have you ever noticed how straight lines sometimes appear curved near the edges of a wide-angle photo? That’s lens distortion at work! Distortion is a type of aberration that mainly affects the appearance of the light in the image formed.

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However, in case of distortion aberration, we can calculate the misplaced distance (Refer to Figure 2) and map it to remove the distortion. Even so, not all distortions can be removed from an image.

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A camera lens is a compound lens system built with different kinds of lenses, such as convex, concave, and flat lenses. The ultimate goal of these lenses is to converge the incoming light rays onto a single focus point. That’s why the magnitude of distortion increases as we go from the center of the lens to the corner of it. This is due to the fact that the refraction is high at the corners of the lenses as the lens is more curved, and the incident angle of the light rays also becomes higher. In turn, it results in more distortion at the corners of the images.

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Distortion does not cause much information loss compared to other aberrations. It mainly affects only the appearance of the image, which is why distortion is often referred to as a cosmetic aberration. Since there is no loss of information, it can be corrected using mathematical methods to a certain extent.

This is because, as we go from the center of the lens to the corner, the light rays passing through them tend to have more distortion. That is why, in the center part, there is no misplacement of the image, and towards the corner/ends of the image, there is a perceivable amount of distortion.

Aberration is the behavior of light that deviates from the expected behavior (expected behavior of light: light rays ideally converge to a single point at the sensor to create a sharp image). Aberration happens due to a flaw in how a lens focuses light rays, which in turn causes distorted images.

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In Figure 4, the ‘A’ represents the ideal case, where the black line area is sampled with three pixels marked as P1,2, and 3 in the figure. The white line area is sampled with another three pixels marked as 4,5,6 in the figure. If, due to distortion, these pixel values are misplaced onto some other area of the image, say the next row of black and white lines, we could map it and correct it using mathematical methods.

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Refraction is the cause of distortion in images taken by cameras. When light rays pass through the lens, their path will differ due to refraction.

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Understanding the different types of Vaginoplasty will help you make a more informed decision about which one is right for you. More »

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Vaginal stenosis is one of the most common complications following gender-affirming Vaginoplasty surgery. Vaginal stenosis is characterized by a narrowing and/or shortening or total closure of the vaginal canal. This loss of girth and depth can make sexual intercourse difficult and painful. In some cases, vaginal stenosis can be managed through regular dilation but surgical repair is often necessary. The emerging best practice for surgically correcting vaginal stenosis is a robotic approach using a peritoneal flap. More »

The rate of increase in distortion towards the corner depends upon the cubic field. That is, the rate of distortion varies in the cubic range.

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In Figure 9, we can see that both lenses have an equal field of view. The first image has more distortion. In the second image, the distortion is reduced, but due to more lenses in the system, internal reflections occur, resulting in a flare in the images.

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Distortion is usually perceived as a monochromatic phenomenon. However, distortion does vary with the wavelength of light. As the magnitude of refraction differs with respect to the wavelength of light, and as distortion is also caused primarily by refraction, distortion also depends on the wavelength of light.

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Breast Augmentation is a surgery procedure that transforms a masculine-looking chest into breasts that have a feminine shape and size. Using breast implants, Breast Augmentation can provide a female breast contour when hormone replacement therapy alone has proved insufficient for breast development. More »

In Figure 1, the light rays undergo refraction while passing through the lens. The lens tries to converge the light rays at a single point called the ‘focal point.’ If we look at the light ray marked as ‘3’, which passes through the center of the lens, we can see that it undergoes a very minimal amount of refraction. Meanwhile, the light rays that pass through the ends of the lens, marked as ‘1’ and ‘5’, undergo the maximum amount of refraction.

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From the above information, we can infer that distortion is nothing but a geometrical aberration in which the details are misplaced from the expected position to somewhere else. As distortion is just the misplacement of information and not the loss of information, we can correct it. Distorted parts of the image can be mapped and removed using mathematical methods. Whereas, in other kinds of aberrations, such as chromatic aberration, information is lost and cannot be recreated.

We can infer from this that the refraction of light rays passing through the lens can vary depending on their path and the point on the lens that they hit.. Due to this phenomenon, sometimes the details that need to be converged at an expected point get converged at a different point (Refer to Figure 2)

Peritoneal Vaginoplasty is a relatively new development in Gender Surgery but with decades-old origins in gynecology. While the technique offers many benefits there is a lack of long term data. More »

Post-operative vaginal dilation is an integral part of the initial surgery recovery and the regular maintenance of the neo-vagina. Dilation may not be pleasant but it's essential to follow your surgeon's dilation protocol in order to prevent loss of depth of your new vagina. More »

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Lens distortion can be controlled by manipulating the path of the light rays. Introducing additional lens elements and aligning them well can control distortion to some extent. However, this can lead to a more complex design of lens systems, which leads to more internal reflections, causing flare in the images (Refer to Figure 9).

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Figure 3 shows lateral chromatic aberration. In the figure, all the light rays must be focused at the ‘F focus.’ However, we can see that the light rays with green and red wavelengths are misplaced.

In the above figure, we can observe that in the corner of the images, the point black spots that need to be converged inside the red circle are displaced. Whereas, in the center of the image, the black spots are converged at the right position and are not misplaced.

In this blog, we are exploring the causes of distortion, the types of distortion, and their relationship with factors such as wavelength and FOV.

There are significant differences between trans and cis chest measurements that have implications regarding breast implant selection and surgical approach. This underscores the importance of selecting a surgeon who has experience specifically with MTF Breast Augmentation. More »

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Differences in distortion caused by different wavelengths of light are represented in terms of the magnitude of misplacement.

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Now, the ‘B’ in Figure 4 represents the distortion scenario where it cannot be corrected, and information is lost. We can see that the pixel P1 samples a very large area. The P1 pixel here samples both the white line and the black line area. The final sample of the pixel turns out to be grey in color. This way, the pixels represent the wrong information which is not present in the scene being captured. These kinds of distortions cannot be corrected using mathematical methods.

When distortion occurs due to the lens’ large FOV and a particular pixel might get converged with a large area, information is lost. Let us understand this better with the following example (Refer to Figure 4).

To understand distortion, we must understand the process of refraction. Refraction is the bending of light due to a change in its speed as it travels from one medium to another. For example, light bends when it passes from air to glass. The angle of refraction (the angle at which the light continues in the new medium) relies on the refractive index of the medium it goes through.

On its own, fat grafting is limited in how much breast volume it can contribute. However, used in conjunction with breast implants, fat transfer can play an important role in chest feminization. More »

Wide-angle lenses (short focal length) tend to exaggerate distortion, bending straight lines outward (barrel distortion). Telephoto lenses (longer focal length) cause less distortion, and can even compress the perspective, making distant objects appear closer together.

The concept of board certification is not particularly transparent to consumers. This is unfortunate because understanding what board-certified means is critical for patients. Here's what you need to know. More »