A ray diagram for the case in which the object is located in front of the focal point is shown in the diagram at the right. Observe that in this case the light rays diverge after refracting through the lens. When refracted rays diverge, a virtual image is formed. The image location can be found by tracing all light rays backwards until they intersect. For every observer, the refracted rays would seem to be diverging from this point; thus, the point of intersection of the extended refracted rays is the image point. Since light does not actually pass through this point, the image is referred to as a virtual image. Observe that when the object in located in front of the focal point of the converging lens, its image is an upright and enlarged image that is located on the object's side of the lens. In fact, one generalization that can be made about all virtual images produced by lenses (both converging and diverging) is that they are always upright and always located on the object's side of the lens.

Inverted Microscopes: Unlike traditional compound microscopes, inverted microscopes have the light source and condenser above the stage and the objectives below it. This design allows viewing of specimens from below. Common used in Cell culture studies, live cell imaging, and observing specimens in petri dishes or flasks.

Thus far we have seen via ray diagrams that a real image is produced when an object is located more than one focal length from a converging lens; and a virtual image is formed when an object is located less than one focal length from a converging lens (i.e., in front of F). But what happens when the object is located at F? That is, what type of image is formed when the object is located exactly one focal length from a converging lens? Of course a ray diagram is always one tool to help find the answer to such a question. However, when a ray diagram is used for this case, an immediate difficulty is encountered. The diagram below shows two incident rays and their corresponding refracted rays.

Once the method of drawing ray diagrams is practiced a couple of times, it becomes as natural as breathing. Each diagram yields specific information about the image. The two diagrams below show how to determine image location, size, orientation and type for situations in which the object is located at the 2F point and when the object is located between the 2F point and the focal point.

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Understanding these pros and cons helps in making informed decisions when selecting a compound microscope for specific applications and ensuring that it meets the requirements of the tasks at hand.

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ScopeLab offers an extensive range of microscopes, including compound, stereo, digital, and specialized models, catering to diverse fields such as biology, medicine, material science, and education. If you  are not sure how to choose the microscope, please feel free to contact them.

Digital Microscopes: These microscopes are equipped with digital cameras to capture images and videos of the specimen. They often connect to computers for image analysis and sharing. Applications including Education, documentation, and any field requiring digital imaging and analysis.

The ray diagram above illustrates that when the object is located at a position beyond the 2F point, the image will be located at a position between the 2F point and the focal point on the opposite side of the lens. Furthermore, the image will be inverted, reduced in size (smaller than the object), and real. This is the type of information that we wish to obtain from a ray diagram. These characteristics of the image will be discussed in more detail in the next section of Lesson 5.

Fluorescence Microscopes: These microscopes use high-intensity light sources (such as mercury or xenon lamps) to excite fluorescent dyes or proteins in specimens, causing them to emit light of different wavelengths. Filters are used to isolate the emitted light for observation. Applications including Molecular biology, immunology, and medical diagnostics involving fluorescent labeling.

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Metallurgical Microscopes: Designed for examining the surface structure and composition of metals and other materials, these microscopes use reflected light to view opaque specimens. Applications are Metallurgy, materials science, and quality control in manufacturing.

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One theme of the Reflection and Refraction units of The Physics Classroom Tutorial has been that we see an object because light from the object travels to our eyes as we sight along a line at the object. Similarly, we see an image of an object because light from the object reflects off a mirror or refracts through a transparent material and travel to our eyes as we sight at the image location of the object. From these two basic premises, we have defined the image location as the location in space where light appears to diverge from. Because light emanating from the object converges or appears to diverge from this location, a replica or likeness of the object is created at this location. For both reflection and refraction scenarios, ray diagrams have been a valuable tool for determining the path of light from the object to our eyes.

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Microscopes are essential tools in scientific research, education, and various industries, allowing us to observe objects and organisms that are otherwise invisible to the naked eye. Two of the most commonly used types of microscopes are compound microscopes and stereo microscopes. While both serve to magnify small objects, they have distinct differences in design, functionality, and application. This article explores the pros and cons of each type and provides guidance on choosing the right microscope for specific needs.

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Hyperspectral imaging is a form of spectroscopy. Hyperspectral images include full 2D spatial information (like a regular camera image) but split the light ...

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Some students have difficulty understanding how the entire image of an object can be deduced once a single point on the image has been determined. If the object is merely a vertical object (such as the arrow object used in the example below), then the process is easy. The image is merely a vertical line. In theory, it would be necessary to pick each point on the object and draw a separate ray diagram to determine the location of the image of that point. That would require a lot of ray diagrams as illustrated in the diagram below.

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Compound microscopes come in various types, each designed for specific applications and offering different features. Here are the main types of compound microscopes:

Earlier in this lesson, the following diagram illustrating the path of light from an object through a lens to an eye placed at various locations was shown.

A stereo microscope, also known as a dissecting microscope, is an optical instrument designed for low magnification observation of three-dimensional objects. It typically provides magnification ranging from 10x to 50x. Unlike compound microscopes, stereo microscopes use two separate optical paths to create a three-dimensional image, giving depth perception to the observer. They are used for examining larger, solid specimens that do not require light to pass through them, such as insects, plants, and electronic components.

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2. Once these incident rays strike the lens, refract them according to the three rules of refraction for converging lenses.

For the case of the object located at the focal point (F), the light rays neither converge nor diverge after refracting through the lens. As shown in the diagram above, the refracted rays are traveling parallel to each other. Subsequently, the light rays will not converge to form a real image; nor can they be extended backwards on the opposite side of the lens to intersect to form a virtual image. So how should the results of the ray diagram be interpreted? The answer: there is no image!! Surprisingly, when the object is located at the focal point, there is no location in space at which an observer can sight from which all the refracted rays appear to be coming. An image cannot be found when the object is located at the focal point of a converging lens.

Understanding these pros and cons can help you determine whether a stereo microscope is the right tool for your specific needs and applications, ensuring you selecting the most appropriate equipment for their tasks.

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In this diagram, five incident rays are drawn along with their corresponding refracted rays. Each ray intersects at the image location and then travels to the eye of an observer. Every observer would observe the same image location and every light ray would follow the Snell's Law of refraction. Yet only two of these rays would be needed to determine the image location since it only requires two rays to find the intersection point. Of the five incident rays drawn, three of them correspond to the incident rays described by our three rules of refraction for converging lenses. We will use these three rays through the remainder of this lesson, merely because they are the easiest rays to draw. Certainly two rays would be all that is necessary; yet the third ray will provide a check of the accuracy of our process.

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Fortunately, a shortcut exists. If the object is a vertical line, then the image is also a vertical line. For our purposes, we will only deal with the simpler situations in which the object is a vertical line that has its bottom located upon the principal axis. For such simplified situations, the image is a vertical line with the lower extremity located upon the principal axis.

A compound microscope is an optical instrument that uses multiple lenses to achieve high magnification, typically ranging from 40x to 1000x or more. It consists of an objective lens close to the specimen and an eyepiece lens through which the observer views the magnified image. Compound microscopes are designed for viewing small, thin specimens that light can pass through, such as cells, bacteria, and thin tissue sections.

It should be noted that the process of constructing a ray diagram is the same regardless of where the object is located. While the result of the ray diagram (image location, size, orientation, and type) is different, the same three rays are always drawn. The three rules of refraction are applied in order to determine the location where all refracted rays appear to diverge from (which for real images, is also the location where the refracted rays intersect).

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In the three cases described above - the case of the object being located beyond 2F, the case of the object being located at 2F, and the case of the object being located between 2F and F - light rays are converging to a point after refracting through the lens. In such cases, a real image is formed. As discussed previously, a real image is formed whenever refracted light passes through the image location. While diverging lenses always produce virtual images, converging lenses are capable of producing both real and virtual images. As shown above, real images are produced when the object is located a distance greater than one focal length from the lens. A virtual image is formed if the object is located less than one focal length from the converging lens. To see why this is so, a ray diagram can be used.

The method of drawing ray diagrams for double convex lens is described below. The description is applied to the task of drawing a ray diagram for an object located beyond the 2F point of a double convex lens.

In this section of Lesson 5, we will investigate the method for drawing ray diagrams for objects placed at various locations in front of a double convex lens. To draw these ray diagrams, we will have to recall the three rules of refraction for a double convex lens:

Polarizing Microscopes: These microscopes use polarized light to examine specimens that are birefringent (having different refractive indices in different directions). They have polarizers and analyzers to filter and analyze the polarized light. Applications including Mineralogy, crystallography, and materials science to study crystalline structures and stress patterns.

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