"Edmund is the best source we know of for low-cost scientific gadgetry (including math and optics gear). [In this category,] many of the items we found independently... turned up in the Edmund catalog, so we were obliged to recommend that in this area we've been precluded."[2]

Following Sputnik, Edmund was able to capitalize on a growing national interest in science and astronomy. They expanded their business into a full line of telescopes and telescope kits as well as equipment, parts, and supplies for other scientific fields such as physics, optics, chemistry, microscopy, electronics, and meteorology. They continued to grow as a supplier to teachers and schools with demonstration devices and kits which covered most fields of science.

In addition to optics, the company soon branched out into various kits and plans for optics-related systems like telescopes and microscopes. It soon changed its name to Edmund Scientific and made its name with ads in publications like Scientific American. Its advertisements caught the attention of hobbyists, amateur astronomers, high school students, and cash-strapped researchers.[1] The company also began publishing a series of pamphlets on telescopes in a do-it-yourself fashion that was popular in contemporary magazines like Popular Mechanics. These were later collected into book form in 1967, "All About Telescopes", which contained many plans for telescope systems that became a best seller and was republished repeatedly into the 1980s.[3]

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WAR coating is optimal when two separate wavelengths are required at a high-performance transmission.Recognisable for the “W” shape the coating forms within reflectance curves.

Torr Scientific fused silica viewports are offered with a four‑layer W‑anti‑reflective (WAR, named for the shape of the reflectance curve) coating on both sides of the window optimised to customer‑specified laser wavelengths. In many cases, the coating reduces reflectance to below 1% per face, or 2% total, at the key wavelengths specified. Please advise the important wavelengths or wavelength range with your enquiry or order. Wavelength ranges between 240 nm and 1550 nm are offered as standard, although coatings for other wavelength ranges can be quoted on request.

If these are not suitable, please contact our sales team, and they will happily discuss your options. They can advise about coatings regarding viewport applications and provide theoretical curves for your convenience.

Edmund Scientific has provided items used in television shows such as House, MythBusters, 24, Modern Marvels, and motion pictures such as Star Trek, and the 1975 version of Escape to Witch Mountain. Wah Chang, the artist who designed and built several props in the 1960s for the Star Trek television show, used moiré patterns found in the Edmund Scientific Educator's and Designer's Moiré Kit for the texture used in the Starfleet communicator props.[6]

AR coatings are typically manufactured for vacuum optics viewports, Torr offers a wide range of optic materials. A full list of coated and non-coated available optics can be found on the Torr Scientific Vacuum Viewports webpage.

Differences between the refractive indices of the air and the optic leads to reflections. These reflections occur on both the air‑side and the internal face of the optic. Applying an anti‑reflective coating to both faces creates destructive interference to reduce reflections.

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In 1984, the company split into Edmund Scientific and Edmund Industrial Optics, the latter taking over their optical manufacturing. Later known simply as Edmund Optics, the commercial side of the company continued to expand and now has a multinational presence. In 2001, the two companies were purchased by Boreal Science, which was in turn purchased by VWR International. Many of the science toys and kits are currently offered by the online retailer Scientifics Direct.

As of 2017, Edmund Optics continued to offer brand-new stock optics, as well as offering custom and specialized optics to corporations and higher education institutions.[citation needed]

BBAR (broadband) uses multiple layers to optimise for a continuous range of wavelengths.This high-performance coating works best when the lower range is no less than half the upper range (e.g., 500nm – 1000nm).

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Torr Scientific laser viewports are offered with a two‑layer V‑anti‑reflective (VAR, named for the shape of the reflectance curve) coating on both sides of the window optimised to a customer specified laser wavelength. The coating reduces reflectance to below 1% per face, or 2% total, at the wavelength specified. Please advise the laser wavelength with your enquiry or order. Wavelengths between 240 nm and 1550 nm are offered as standard, although coatings for other wavelengths can be quoted on request. Viewports with coatings for a wavelength range can also be offered.

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Optical Prisms are used to disperse, bend and deviate a beam of light at a specific angle, by reflecting it off one or more surfaces.

As of 2009, online sales made up the bulk of Edmund Scientific's revenues. The company was still selling telescopes (including an updated version of their Astroscan Telescope), microscopes (mostly they have carried the Boreal brand, manufactured for their parent company Science Kit LLC), surplus optics, magnets, and Fresnel lenses. They continued to sell many of their old favorites along with new items such as the Impossiball and hand boilers as well as other science-themed toys, novelty items, gifts, and gadgets.[citation needed]

In 2001, the Barrington, New Jersey, store closed after Edmund Scientific was acquired by Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories.[citation needed]

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Edmund Scientific Corporation, based in Barrington, New Jersey, was founded in 1942 as a retailer of surplus optical parts like lenses. It later branched out into complete systems like telescopes and microscopes, and in the 1960s, a wide variety of science toys and kits. Through the 1970s and 80s they were best known for their mail order sales and associated catalogs, although they also maintained a retail presence at their factory store.

Torr formulates their own recipes in-house for custom coatings. These recipes are produced using specialist software. Test pieces are coated and then tested for compliance using our UV-vis-IR and FTIR spectrophotometers.

In 2000 Edmund Scientific was purchased by Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories, a western New York based science supply company. Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories is part of a group of companies that provide science supplies to elementary, middle, and high schools, as well as colleges and universities. This group falls under the unofficial umbrella "VWR Education", and its constituent enterprises are owned by VWR International, a multi-national conglomerate with offices in India, China, Europe, Canada, and the United States. They are no longer affiliated with Edmund Optics Inc.[citation needed]

Torr Scientific offers fused silica viewports with an AR (anti‑reflective) coating on each face comprising a single quarterwave layer of MgF2 optimised for a customer‑specified wavelength range. Please advise the important wavelengths or wavelength range with your enquiry or order. Wavelength ranges between 190 nm and 1550 nm are offered as standard, although coatings for other wavelength ranges can be quoted on request.

AR coatings work by creating a stepping stone in the difference between the refractive index of the optic and the external world.

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Theoretical reflectance curves for a single BBAR-coated face of fused silica. As the wavelength range increases the reflectance gets poorer.

There are a variety of different wavelengths that can be targeted with AR coatings, from deep ultraviolet (UV) all the way through to Infrared (IR). With the ability for a single wavelength, multiple, or a range of wavelengths to be targeted by altering the type of coating.

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In complex cases where a greater number, or a larger range of wavelengths are required, a SPAR (special) coating is possible.Please contact the sales team for more information if this is a consideration for a project or purchase.

Torr is able to provide theoretical “curves” (plotted graphs) to display the estimated transmission and reflection levels for each AR coating and optic.

Norman W. Edmund retired in 1975 and left the company to his son, Robert. The company continued on as before into the 1980s, but the original business model began to wane. Robert split the company into Edmund Scientifics and Edmund Optics.[2] Edmund Scientifics marketed to consumers and specialized in science-themed toys, vaguely high-tech household gadgets, and "science gifts." Edmund Optics did not have a public showroom like Edmund Scientifics, although the two organizations shared the same building. The large back room of Edmund Scientifics still sold military surplus from World War II and other wars well into the 1980s and into the mid-1990s. Some of the items in the surplus room were from German and other non-American militaries. None of these items were in the mail-order catalogs. They also sold other surplus wares of interest to hobbyists, including specialized motors and other miscellaneous electronics, parts from toys, and other household items.[citation needed]

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To determine the success of the AR coatings, the transmission and reflection rates are measured using our spectrophotometers. These fire beams of light moving sequentially from UV to IR at the coated optic. The detector then measures the coating’s transmission and reflectance across the specified range, in comparison to the theoretical curve.

Essentially, a reflection grating diffracts light back into the plane of incidence while transmission gratings transmit dispersed light through. Due to the ...

The business continued in the post-war era and owned so much stock that when the Korean War started the military came to him for the optics needed to repair war-era systems. One official told him, "Gee, you have more optics than the Army!"[2] In 1948 they completed a new building and warehouse in Barrington and opened a retail store at the front. Among its displays was a complete periscope from a WWII Japanese submarine.[2] The core of the company in this era remained surplus lenses. These were single-element lenses, shipped in 2.5-by-4.25-inch (64 mm × 108 mm) coin envelopes, with the approximate diameter and focal length stenciled on them. Reflecting their salvage and surplus origins, available diameters and focal lengths did not fall into regular progressions.

Torr Scientific fused silica viewports are offered with a four‑layer broadband anti‑reflective (BBAR) coating on both sides of the window optimised to a customer-specified laser wavelength range. In many cases, the coating reduces reflection to below 1% per face or 2% total at the key wavelengths specified. Please advise the important wavelengths or wavelength range with your enquiry or order. Wavelength ranges between 240 nm and 1550 nm are offered as standard, although coatings for other wavelength ranges can be quoted on request.

Among the company's best-known products were the Astroscan reflector telescope and their inexpensive bimetallic jumping disks.

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Beginning in 2000, Edmund Optics offered a variety of experimental grade and stock clearance items via a print catalog and online under a separate business named Anchor Optics, but this operation ceased in 2016, and the current Anchor Optics web site now redirects to a page at Edmund Optics listing clearance items.[5]

Some sources claim that certain of the original polyhedral dice used in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game system were obtained from Edmund Scientific.[4]

In 1942, amateur photographer Norman W. Edmund (1916–2012[1]) found it hard to find lenses he needed for his hobby. He found that the military was happy to sell off less-than-perfect optics for next to nothing and began using these. Buying in bulk, he began to sell his own surplus through advertisements in photography magazines. It was so successful he founded "'Edmund Salvage Corporation'" in 1942. Working from a card table in his home, the company soon had so much stock that they had to rent space in more than 30 separate garages.[2]

Edmund's catered to the 1960s generation by expanding and highlighting their line of projectors, color wheels, black lights, filters, and other optical devices which could be used by rock bands and in psychedelic light shows. Other items catering to the counterculture were eventually added to the catalog covering the fields of Biofeedback, ESP, Kirlian photography, Pyramid power, and alternative energy.[citation needed]

This process helps to ensure that the optic and it’s coating are targeting the correct wavelengths and achieving optimal transmission levels.

Figure 2: The graphic on the left shows how opposing troughs and peaks cancel each other. The graphic on the right shows how two reflected waves from a coated face can be made to interfere destructively in this way. Because R2 has travelled further before reflection, its phase (peak/trough position) is changed relative to R1 such that the troughs and peaks are opposed.

Other optics options for coating include lead glass, barium fluoride, potassium fluoride, and magnesium fluoride. Find out more on the Torr Scientific Vacuum Viewports webpage.

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Additionally, there are a wide range of optical materials available for AR coatings, all of which have their own unique benefits.

To coat the optics, they are placed within a vacuum chamber in which a high energy electron beam heats the coating material to over 1000°C. As the material is rapidly heated, it transforms into a vapour cloud, coating the optic.

Torr Scientific offers a wide range of Anti-Reflective (AR) coatings to improve the efficiency of laser transmission and to minimise the reflections from optics within vacuum viewports.

The company became briefly famous in 1973 when Comet Kohoutek approached Earth and the company sold out of telescopes, a fact that made national news.[2] Neil deGrasse Tyson would later comment that "The Edmund Scientific catalog was a geek's paradise. At a time when no one had access to lasers, they had them for sale."[2]

VAR uses two layers of coating and is a high-performance approach for a singular wavelength.Recognisable by the distinctive “V” shape it forms on reflectance curves.

It can be complex to determine which AR coating is best for each project, it is a combination of factors surrounding the desired application and required wavelengths.