Function of microscope condenserpdf

used to estimate this minimum separation includes only the wavelength () and the NA of the objective (NAobj ). While this equation seems to suggest the NA of the condenser (NAcd ) does not affect resolution, this is not the case. This equation actually assumes that NAcd ≥ NAobj .

If your boyfriend's testicular movements were even more pronounced, then you can thank his cremaster muscle. It gently bungees the testicles to whatever part of the neighborhood they need to hang comfortably in. Another muscle, the dartos muscle, helps move the testicles up and down inside the scrotum. Together, they enable, as Kramer would say, "the boys," to dance.

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I have a weird question. My boyfriend and I were talking and he told me that men's balls move on their own throughout the day. I did not believe him so he showed me. He got undressed and laid back on the bed and told me to lift his penis and watch real close. I did and unbelievably, his balls moved. It's like they vibrated kind of like a heart beat. It was so cool. What makes a man's balls move alone?

The cool, subtle vibration you described and witnessed may have been due to testicular circulation. Veins and arteries allow the blood flow to run through the entire scrotum.

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Numerical ApertureThe condenser provides light to the sample plane over a range of different angles (Figure 3). A cone, drawn with its tip at a point on the sample and its base encircling the light from the condenser, can be used to quantify the range of incident angles (θcd ). The light transmitted by this point on the sample has approximately the same angular range. A different cone can be used to depict the angular range of light (θobj ) the objective lens is capable of gathering.

which depends on the half-angle (θ ) of the cone, as well as the surrounding medium's refractive index (n ). The higher the NA, the wider the cone describing the angular range. This angle is measured from the optical axis.

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Figure 2: In epi-illumination microscopes, the objective provides the light that illuminates the sample. It also collects the light reflected and scattered from the sample. Due to this, and in contrast to the case illustrated in Figure 1, both the illumination and imaging angles depend only on the objective.

Here's another learning activity you and your boyfriend can try that can also get the "boys" to dance just for you. Touch the upper inner portion of your boyfriend's thigh. His testicles will move in the direction away from where your hand is touching. This response is known as the cremasteric reflex, which is a safety maneuver that the testicles perform to stay out of harm's way. When the threat is over, the testicles will come back to a position with which they feel temperature friendly and safe.

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Figure 3: Cones describe the light incident on a sample point from the condenser (left, gold), the light transmitted through the sample (right, yellow), and the range of light the objective can collect (right, orange). The cones' angles are measured from the optical axis. The angular ranges of the light cones incident on and transmitted by the sample are approximately the same (θcd ), since light that is not absorbed or scattered by the sample travels in an approximately straight line. The angular range (θobj ) accepted by the objective lens is can be different. The numerical apertures of the condenser (NAcd ) and objective (NAobj ) are often used to compare the angular ranges of the transmitted light to the light the objective lens can gather.

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The condenser's numerical aperture (NA) strongly impacts a microscope's resolution, since the angular range of the light incident on the sample affects the angular range of light transmitted or reflected by the sample. According to a general rule for optimizing resolution, the condenser NA should be as least as large as the objective NA. In other words, the cone of light provided by the condenser should have an angular range that matches or exceeds that accepted by the objective lens.

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ResolutionThe resolution (δ ) of the microscope describes its ability to image two closely spaced points as a separable pair, instead of as a single point. A common equation,

Function of microscope condenserslideshare

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Function ofmirror inmicroscope

Testicles are temperature sensitive sperm factories. Sperm need to be kept at a certain temperature to be happy and healthy. When the "boys" get cold, they snuggle up and get warm. Feeling stuffy, they can hang lower to get cool. Just before orgasm, the cremaster and the dartos muscle work as a team to bring the testicles into lock and (un)load position.

Figure 1: In transmitted light microscopes, light from the light source is directed to the sample by the condenser optical system. The objective lens is used to collect the transmitted light. This collected light is then routed to create an image at a camera or eyepiece.

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Alice! Health Promotion. "Why do my boyfriend's balls move on their own?." Go Ask Alice!, Columbia University, 26 May. 2015, https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/why-do-my-boyfriends-balls-move-their-own. Accessed 24, Nov. 2024.

As an example, when the objective lens has a 0.7 NA with air (n = 1) between the lens and sample, the lens' angle of acceptance is θ = θobj = 44.43°. For the system illustrated in Figure 2, the NA of the illumination and the NA of the collected light are the same, since both light paths pass through the objective lens.

Condenser and ObjectiveIn transmitted light microscopy, the condenser collects light from the source and illuminates the sample (Figure 1). The condenser optical system typically includes several optical elements, which can be aligned to provide uniform illumination of the sample plane. The objective lens is located on the opposite side of the sample plane and collects the light that is transmitted through the sample. This light is then routed to create an image at an eyepiece or camera.

Alternately, the microscope can be configured so the objective both illuminates and collects light from the sample (Figure 2). In this case, there is no separate condenser lens system.

Alice! Health Promotion. (2015, May 26). Why do my boyfriend's balls move on their own?. Go Ask Alice!, https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/why-do-my-boyfriends-balls-move-their-own.

Kudos to you and your boyfriend for sharing your observations and experience — what an opportunity to learn more about how our bodies work.