Ever wonder how it works? Fiber optic technology was developed in the early 1970’s and is rapidly replacing traditional copper cable for transmitting information over hundreds to thousands of miles. Rather than send data in the form of electrons, fiber optic technology uses photons, or light.

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Professor Sir Chris Whitty, Chief Medical Officer for England has welcomed the bill (Image: Yui Mok/PA Wire) Professor Sir Chris Whitty, Chief Medical Officer for England, welcomed the Bill.

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One of the colored wires has been spread out to show the glass fiber. The red arrow points to the junction between the thin glass strand and its outer plastic coating. This protects it from abrasion. The several copper wires surrounding the glass strand are the electrical conductors that carry the 1800 volts used to power ROV Jason. The yellow plastic jacket around the bundle is insulation.

There are two types of fiber optic cable that allow the light to travel along it in different ways. Today we use “single mode” fiber that allows the light to follow only one optical path. This makes it possible to transmit much more information over much longer distances.

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A piece of fiber optic cable unraveled to show the three colored wires containing the glass fibers. The fuzzy white material is the Spectra.

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The Tobacco and Vapes Bill would ban anyone born after January 1 2009 from legally smoking by gradually raising the age at which tobacco can be bought.

Underwater fiber optic cables are used to connect instruments on the seafloor to shore based labs. Scientists can now send commands to their instruments and collect data continuously from their office computer.

Fiber optic cables now cross the world’s oceans to connect many countries together. Whether you are in Mauritius, Australia or the United States, you are probably viewing Dive and Discover at the end of tiny, nearly continuous strands of glass that reach all the way from Woods Hole, Massachusetts to you. To make sure you receive all the information, the fibers are made of ultra-pure glass so that the light pulses are not distorted or weakened.

“A smoke-free country would prevent disease, disability and premature deaths for children born today and for people long into the future.

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As you read this Hot Topic, your computer is probably connected to a phone line or an Internet service provider that uses fiber optic cable to transmit the information to you.

Legislation aiming to create the "first smoke-free generation" is to be introduced to Parliament today (Tuesday, November 5).

On board RV Knorr, we use fiber optic cable to connect the different laboratories to the shipboard computer network. But we also use fiber optic cable to connect the ship to ROV Jason while it is underwater. The fiber optic cable we use has three glass strands to send commands to Jason as well as to receive data and images sent from the seafloor back to the ship. Copper wires that send power to Jason surround the three glass strands.

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Cross section of the fiber optic cable that connects Medea to ROV Jason. The outer yellow and black plastic layers protect it from abrasion. The white material called “Spectra” provides strength but is very light. The three smaller colored wires in the middle contain the glass strands.A piece of fiber optic cable unraveled to show the three colored wires containing the glass fibers. The fuzzy white material is the Spectra.One of the colored wires has been spread out to show the glass fiber. The red arrow points to the junction between the thin glass strand and its outer plastic coating. This protects it from abrasion. The several copper wires surrounding the glass strand are the electrical conductors that carry the 1800 volts used to power ROV Jason. The yellow plastic jacket around the bundle is insulation.How do you connect two fiber optic cables together? The tip of each glass strand is inserted through a special connector, glued and polished. By placing the polished tips together light can pass from one glass strand to the other. The copper wires on each cable are crimped to make a mechanical connection.DSOG team member Craig Elder holds the yellow fiber optic tether that connects ROV Jason to Medea.

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The bill could also see restrictions on indoor smoking expanded to outdoor spaces where children are present, including parks, near schools and outside hospitals.

“This Government is taking bold action to create the first smoke-free generation, clamp down on kids getting hooked on nicotine through vapes, and protect children and vulnerable people from the harms of secondhand smoke.

Jason has two fiber optic cables. The main cable runs from the ship to Jason and has steel armor on its outside. This gives it over 20 tons of strength. The other cable is the yellow tether that runs from Medea to Jason. Instead of steel, it is reinforced with a material called Spectra. This material is strong yet light in weight so Jason can move easily without dragging a heavy cable through the water.

“By increasing the age of sale of tobacco products and properly funding cessation services, the government can build a healthier future, prevent cancer, and protect people from a lifetime of deadly and costly addiction.

A similar bill on smoking was tabled by the previous Conservative government but was shelved after the 2024 General Election was called.

Health Secretary Wes Streeting said:  ”Unless we act to help people stay healthy, the rising tide of ill health in our society threatens to overwhelm and bankrupt our NHS. Prevention is better than cure.

Cross section of the fiber optic cable that connects Medea to ROV Jason. The outer yellow and black plastic layers protect it from abrasion. The white material called “Spectra” provides strength but is very light. The three smaller colored wires in the middle contain the glass strands.

It takes two copper wires, like the ones in your telephone cord, to carry just one phone conversation. Fiber optic cable carries much more information than copper cable. Two strands of optical glass fiber can transmit the equivalent of 24,000 telephone calls all at the same time.

“We urge all MPs to prioritise the nation’s health by voting in favour of the Bill and ensuring that this historic legislation is implemented across the UK.”

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He said: “This is a major piece of legislation which if passed will have a positive and lasting impact on the health of the nation.

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“This historic legislation will save thousands of lives and protect the NHS. By building a healthy society, we will also help to build a healthy economy, with fewer people off work sick.”

Restrictions on vape advertising and sponsorship, as well as restricting flavours, displays and the packaging of e-cigarettes are also being looked at.

Fiber optic cable is made of many thin strands of coated glass fibers. Each measures about eight microns - that’s smaller than a strand of human hair. Digitized information is “coded,” or placed on to light pulses for transmission. It travels along the glass fiber at the speed of light - 186,000 miles per second. When it reaches its destination, a decoder converts the light information into a picture, audio sound or written material in a form we can understand.

How do you connect two fiber optic cables together? The tip of each glass strand is inserted through a special connector, glued and polished. By placing the polished tips together light can pass from one glass strand to the other. The copper wires on each cable are crimped to make a mechanical connection.

“Smoking causes harm across the life course from stillbirths, asthma in children, cancers, strokes and heart attacks to premature dementia.”

Dr Ian Walker, executive director of policy at Cancer Research UK, said: “Today is a significant step forward in the journey to creating a smoke-free UK.