Diffractiongratings

Aberration leads to blurring of the image produced by an image-forming optical system. Makers of optical instruments need to correct optical systems to compensate for aberration.

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Some aberration affects the images due to off axis rays. The image of a spot looks like several cylinders not centered, like an image of a “comet”, where its name comes from.

A master grating is an original unit recorded as a unique piece. A master grating can be utilized as the “mother” of multiples copies, called replicas.

Grating is a structural element that has a high load-bearing capacity with a low dead weight and a high level of transparency. The positive-fitting connection of the bearing bars and cross bars with the surround make the grating not only a very stable, but also visually attractive product. (read more )

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The spectroscopic images can be improved by using toroidal gratings. A toroidal grating is a form of an elliptic paraboloid with different vertical and horizontal focal distances. It reduces the stretching and the curvature of astigmatism.

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A VLS grating is one whose grooves, when projected onto the tangent plane, form a set of straight parallel lines whose spacing varies from groove to groove. Varying the groove spacing across the surface of the grating moves the tangential focal curve, while keeping the grooves straight and parallel keeps the sagittal focal curve fixed. It corrects for spherical aberration associated with conventional spherical gratings. The VLS technique can also be applied on toroidal grating for an optimum correction.

Bar Grating Sizes

Two basic types of spectrographs and monochromators are used in the VUV: normal incidence instruments a better design for 100-400 nm, and grazing incidence instruments for 2-100 nm.

Chromatic aberration is a type of distortion in which the lens fails to focus all colors on the same convergence point, due to the dispersion of the lens (different refractive index of the lens for different wavelengths of light).

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In order to limit the number of reflections onto optics, concave gratings are often used as single element in VUV spectrometers.

Bar Grating

Most of the time, VUV monochromators are preferred when equipped with master gratings. But unfortunately, such gratings are extremely expensive and have a long delivery time.

S: Spot source (or slit of the instrument) λ3: Zero order position λ1, λ2: Dispersed wavelength positions λ1> λ2 i: incidence angle r: reflectance angle

Grating is installed in refineries, power stations, steel mills, mines and on oil platforms. Every steelworker, metalworker and fitter needs grating in his trade. Grating is being used increasingly more in the logistics industry as platform flooring and shelves. Architects and building owners appreciate the grating as a product which is both aesthetically pleasing and functional – be this as decorative facade cladding, a suspended ceiling or sun shield.

The optimization of the image correction of gratings can be calculated for a better image quality on the optical axis of the instrument (monochromator layout) or on a focal plane (spectrograph layout). In the last case, the optimization enlarges the focal plane, the grating of the spectrograph works in fixed position and the wavelength range selection is achieved by sliding the detector in the focal plane of the instrument. The correction is excellent in both cases.

Steel Bar Grating

Steelgratings

An optical aberration is a departure of the performance of an optical system from the predictions of paraxial optics. In the existence of an optical aberration, light from one point of an object does not converge into (or does not diverge from) a single point after transmission through the system. Optical aberrations fall into two classes: monochromatic and chromatic.

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Aluminum grating

Distortion is the most easily recognized aberration as it deforms the image as whole. It arises from the unequal magnification of the peripheral part of a lens (or a mirror) from that of its central part. In “barrel distortion,” image magnification decreases with distance from the optical axis. In “pincushion distortion,” image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis.

The realization of a real VUV monograph has to be done without a toroidal grating. The Plane Grating Spectrograph (PGS) configuration is one of the best choices. The PGS layout operates with a toroid mirror and a plane grating working at a grazing angle. It also has the advantage of being more affordable grating as they have a plane design.

MEISER offers the largest range of grating worldwide. The diversity of possible applications also requires an unusually large variety of products. Together with our customers we select the right grating from our range. Grating is almost always relevant to safety, and we are well aware of this responsibility.

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Unfortunately, gratings suffer from the aberrations of concave mirrors and others due to their diffraction capabilities. Working in the Rowland conditions definitively limits the imaging quality of the instruments. The major aberration here is astigmatism. This aberration can be tolerated with a monochromator since only horizontal focusing is required to separate the wavelengths of spectrum.

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The design of VUV instruments suffers from the constraints of VUV optical materials. Transmission through bulk materials is limited to λ < 105 nm, the short wavelength transmission is limited of LiF or λ < 115 nm for MgF2. Reflective configuration is used in a VUV optical layout. However, reflectance from metal surfaces also decreases at short wavelengths. Several coating materials are introduced to increase reflectivity, such as Al, Os, Pt, Au, Rh and Ir. Above 120 nm, the main broadband reflector for VUV wavelengths is Al with MgF2 coating, having a normal incidence reflectivity of up to 90% under certain conditions. Os, Pt, Au, and Ir have a reflectance of about 60% from 5-200 nm in grazing configuration.

An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate in two perpendicular planes have different focal points.

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Types ofgratings

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Monochromatic aberrations are caused by the geometry of the lens and occur both when light is reflected and when it is refracted. Monochromatic aberrations include spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and field curvature and image distortion.

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Grating is a structural element that has a high load-bearing capacity with a low dead weight and a high level of transparency. The positive-fitting connection of the bearing bars and cross bars with the surround make the grating not only a very stable, but also visually attractive product. The applications are very diverse, as grating is used everywhere in industry and architecture. As an extremely robust, safe yet light platform flooring, the grating is indispensable in all areas of heavy industry.

A Rowland demonstrated that the dispersed spectrum of an illuminated point lying on a circle is focused on this circle, if the following setup is respected (see figure). A lot of VUV monochromators use this design.

At normal incidence (zero order, λ3), the aberration is minimum and image is straight. But closer the images are from the grating, more stretched and curved are their images. This stretching can be severe, depends on the position of the image on the Rowland circle and hence of the observed wavelength. It results in both loss of signal and loss of resolution, especially in spectrograph mode when CCD detectors are used.

Spherically shaped lenses and mirrors share this problem. Parallel light rays that pass through the central region focus farther away than those that pass through the edges. The result is many focal points, which produces a blurry image.