Multispectralimage example

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Through our strategic partnerships, European Space Imaging offers hyperspectral imagery with resolutions as high as 5 m. The key factor that separates hyperspectral imagery is the width of the spectral bands. With hundreds of bands covering VNIR and SWIR spectrums, analytics become much more precise.

Multispectralimaging in agriculture

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The iris diaphragm enables researchers to optimize the depth of field in their observations. Depth of field refers to the range of distances within a specimen that appears acceptably sharp in the image. By adjusting the aperture size, users can control the amount of light entering the microscope and consequently manipulate the depth of field. This capability is particularly advantageous when examining three-dimensional structures or layered samples, allowing scientists to focus on specific regions of interest while minimizing distractions from surrounding areas.

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Near-Infrared 1 | 772 – 890 nm Very effective for the estimation of moisture content and plant biomass Effectively separates water bodies from vegetation, identifies types of vegetation and also discriminates between soil types NIR1 – Red – GreenVegetation Analysis      Applications Include: Biomass surveysPlant stressWater body delineationSoil moisture

UNet architecture for semantic segmentation with VGG16 as the encoder or feature extractor. VGG16 is used as an encoder or feature extractor in the contracting path and the corresponding symmetric expanding path predicts the dense segmentation output.

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Near-Infrared 2 | 866 – 954 nm Overlaps the NIR1 band but is less affected by atmospheric influenceEnables broader vegetation analysis and biomass studies NIR2 – Yellow – CoastalCrop Species Differentiation      Applications Include: Biomass surveysPlant stressCrop TypeMaterial identification

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Among the various components of a microscope, the diaphragm plays a crucial role in controlling the amount of light that passes through the specimen. Essentially, it acts as a gatekeeper for illumination, allowing scientists to adjust the brightness and contrast of their samples for optimal viewing.

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Coastal | 400 – 452 nm Absorbed by chlorophyll in healthy plants and aids in conducting vegetative analysis Least absorbed by water, and will be very useful in bathymetric studies Substantially influenced by atmospheric scattering and has the potential to improve atmospheric correction techniques Yellow – Blue – CoastalBathymetry      Applications Include: Coastal applicationsWater penetrationDeepwater masksMaterial differentiationShadow-tree-water differentiation

On the other hand, the condenser aperture diaphragm is specifically associated with the condenser assembly, which focuses and directs light onto the specimen. By modifying the aperture size within the condenser, users can manipulate the angle and intensity of the illumination, thereby influencing resolution, contrast, and image quality. While both diaphragms contribute to optimizing microscopy conditions, the condenser aperture diaphragm offers more precise control over the illumination angle and may be essential for advanced observation techniques.

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In this model, ResNet34 is used for feature extraction and the FCN operation remains as is. The feature of ResNet architecture is exploited where just like VGG, as the number of filters double, the feature map size gets halved. This gives a similarity to VGG and ResNet architecture while supporting deeper architecture and addressing the issue of vanishing gradients while also being faster. The fully connected layer at the output of ResNet34 is not used and instead converted to fully convolutional layer by means of 1×1 convolution.

One of the primary functions of the iris diaphragm in a microscope is to adjust the brightness and contrast of the specimen. By altering the size of the aperture, users can modulate the intensity of the light passing through the sample. When working with thick or opaque specimens, a larger aperture may be required to allow more light to penetrate, enhancing visibility. Conversely, for translucent samples or those prone to overexposure, a smaller aperture can reduce the amount of light, preventing washout and improving clarity.

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The diaphragm, also known as the iris diaphragm or aperture diaphragm, is typically located beneath the stage of the microscope. It consists of a series of overlapping metal blades or an adjustable iris mechanism that can be manipulated by the user. By opening or closing the diaphragm, scientists can regulate the diameter of the light beam passing through the specimen. This control over the illumination is essential for achieving clear and detailed images, particularly when examining samples with varying levels of transparency or thickness.

The power to see beyond the visible light spectrum cannot be overstated. With hundreds of current applications and countless more waiting to be discovered, multispectral imagery is the key to unlocking insights in any industry. European Space Imaging captures imagery with up to 8 multispectral bands plus the ability to collect imagery in Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) and hyperspectral as well.

Multispectral imageryremote sensing

Only a small number of space-based imagery providers offer hyperspectral imagery, though the potential for industry disrupting applications are already making headway across the globe.

While both the diaphragm and condenser aperture diaphragm serve to control the illumination in a microscope, they operate at different stages within the optical system and have distinct functions. The diaphragm, typically located beneath the stage or within the illumination pathway, regulates the amount of light reaching the specimen by adjusting the size of the aperture. Its primary role is to control brightness, contrast, and depth of field during observation.

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In addition to the iris diaphragm, some microscopes are equipped with a condenser aperture diaphragm, which serves a similar purpose but operates at a different location within the optical pathway. The condenser is positioned beneath the stage and focuses light onto the specimen, ensuring even illumination across the field of view. The condenser aperture diaphragm, often located within the condenser assembly, controls the angle and intensity of the illumination before it reaches the specimen.

Red Edge | 706 – 746 nm Centered strategically at the onset of the high reflectivity portion of vegetation responseVery valuable in measuring plant health and aiding in the classification of vegetation NIR1 – Red Edge – RedCamouflage Detection      Applications Include: Vegetation healthVegetation stressVegetation typeVegetation ageSea grass and reefsLand / no land analysisImpervious surfacesTurbidityCamouflage

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Short-Wave Infrared | 1184 – 2373 nm Focuses deeper into the infrared spectrum Able to detect heat Detection of materials containing anion groups such as Al-OH, Mg-OH, Fe-OH, Si-OH, carbonates, ammonium, and sulfates S3 – S6 – S8Clay Mineral Alteration      Applications Include: Fire / Valance eruption responseMaterial identificationSoil moistureMineral content

By adjusting the condenser aperture diaphragm, users can enhance the resolution and contrast of their images, particularly in techniques such as darkfield and phase contrast microscopy. Similar to the iris diaphragm, manipulating the aperture size allows researchers to optimize the illumination conditions for various specimens and observation techniques. However, it's important to note that not all microscopes are equipped with a condenser aperture diaphragm, as its presence depends on the specific design and application of the instrument.

Blue | 448 – 510 nm Readily absorbed by chlorophyll in plants Provides good penetration of water Less affected by atmospheric scattering and absorption compared to the Coastal band Green – Blue – CoastalWater Depth Composite      Applications Include: Coastal applicationsWater body penetrationDiscrimination of soil/vegetationForest typesReef cover features

Yellow | 590 – 630 nm Very important for feature classification Detects the “yellowness” of particular vegetation, both on land and in the water NIR2 – Yellow – BlueRoof Material Identification      Applications Include: Leaf ColourationPlant StressCO2 concentrationMaterial identificationAlgal bloomsSea grass and reefsSeparation of iron formations“True colour”Plant species identification

Green | 518 – 586 nm Able to focus more precisely on the peak reflectance of healthy vegetation Ideal for calculating plant vigor Very helpful in discriminating between types of plant material when used in conjunction with the Yellow band Coastal – Blue – GreenReef Water Depth      Applications Include: Crop typesSea grass and reefsBathymetry

Red | 632 – 692 nm Focused on the absorption of red light by chlorophyll in healthy plant materials One of the most important bands for vegetation discrimination Very useful in classifying bare soils, roads, and geological features NIR1 – Red – GreenTree Species Identification      Applications Include: Chlorophyll absorptionVegetation analysisPlant species Plant stress

UNet architecture for semantic segmentation with ResNet34 as encoder or feature extraction part. ResNet34 is used as an encoder or feature extractor in the contracting path and the corresponding symmetric expanding path predicts the dense segmentation output.

In this model, VGG16 is used for feature extraction which also performs the function of an encoder. The fully connected layer of the VGG16 is not used and instead converted to fully convolutional layer by means of 1×1 convolution.