In Fig. 33-35, light travels from material a, through three layers of other materials with surfaces parallel to one another, and then back into another layer of material a. The refractions (but not the associated reflections) at the surfaces are shown. Rank the materials according to index of refraction, greatest first. (Hint: The parallel arrangement of the surfaces allows comparison.

Direction of polarizationin physics

Polarized light cannot be rotated with a single sheet. If the direction of the incident light and the sheet iswith each other, then there is no transmission of polarized light. The rotation can be done with two sheets. Usethesheet with angleθ,between 0 to900,to the direction of polarization of incident light. Placethesecond sheet withwiththeoriginal direction of polarized light.Polarization is rotated again by900−θ. The intensity will not be zero if the first angle is specified between0<θ<900.

Linearpolarization

Use the concept of change in intensity of light by polarization. Consider the number of sheets required to get the required intensity.

Circularpolarization

One want to rotate the direction of polarization of a beam of polarized light throughby sending the beam through one or more polarizing sheets.

(b) What is the minimum number of sheets required if the transmitted intensity is to be more than60%of the original intensity?

Planeof polarization

Direction of polarizationformula

From Fig.33-2, approximate the (a) smaller (b) larger wavelength at which the eye of a standard observer has half the eye’s maximum sensitivity. What are the (c) wavelength, (d) frequency, and (e) period of the light at which the eye is the most sensitive?

In Fig. 33-65, a light ray enters a glass slab at point A at an incident angle θ1=45.0°and then undergoes total internal reflection at point B. (The reflection at A is not shown.) What minimum value for the index of refraction of the glass can be inferred from this information?

Direction of polarization ofelectromagnetic waves

Find the number of sheets using the angleθ=900nrelative to the direction of polarization of incident light. The polarizing direction of the successive sheets is rotated900n liketheprevious sheet. The direction of transmitted polarized light is900withthedirection of incident light.

The leftmost block in Fig. 33-33 depicts total internal reflection for light inside a material with an index of refractionn1when air is outside the material. A light ray reaching point A from anywhere within the shaded region at the left (such as the ray shown) fully reflects at that point and ends up in the shaded region at the right. The other blocks show similar situations for two other materials. Rank the indexes of refraction of the three materials, greatest first.

An unpolarized beam of light is sent into a stack of four polarizing sheets, oriented so that the angle between the polarizing directions of adjacent sheets is30°. What fraction of the incident intensity is transmitted by the system?