With two circular and one linear polarisers you can do it. Use an unpolarised light source. First show that half the light passes the two circular polarisers when aligned and none passes when they are anti-aligned. So there is polarisation. Then replace the second filter by the linear filter and show its orientation does not matter. So the polarisation is not linear.

Circular polarisation of lightin physics

High power microscopes usually have 10x eyepieces lenses, so there is only one column above the 4x objective. If you wanted to look at an amoeba that is 150µm long (0.15mm) then you would use either the 40x or 100x objectives. There are 25mm in an inch and there are 1,000um (micrometers) in a single millimeter.

Circularpolarization example

In waveguides it is more complex. It is assumed that both the magnetic and the electric field components can be aligned and that they can be aligned at an angle other than 90°.

Spherical aberrations occur for lenses that have spherical surfaces. Rays passing through points on a lens farther away from an axis are refracted more than ...

Field of View or Field Diameter is very important in microscopy as it is a more meaningful number than "magnification". Field diameter is simply the number of millimeters or micrometers you will see in your whole field of view when looking into the eyepiece lens. It is just as if you put a ruler under the microscope and counted the number of lines.

EM radiation can be polarized in the next way. In a polarization plate suitable for a certain frequency range, 50% of the radiation is directed in the polarization direction and 50% is absorbed/reflected. There is therefore an interaction with the electric field component of the radiation and the slits.

Circularpolarization

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This means that an object 20mm (2cm, or about 3/4 inch) wide would fill up the whole viewing area at 10x and an object about 6.7mm wide would fill up the whole area at 30x. As you can see, having the highest power may not be best for your particular application. When you move to greater magnifications, you sacrifice field of view.

Circular polarisation of lightexplained

In addition to my2cts answer showing how circularly polarized light is detected, I would like to add the reason for this phenomenon.

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Circular polarisation of lightpdf

R Paschotta · 2 — A linear polarization state is then denoted as p polarization when the polarization direction lies in the plane spanned by the incoming beam and the reflected ...

My line of reasoning is that transversal waves are solutions of the wave equation. As this equation is linear, a linear combination of solutions is also a solution. And in that linear combination, I'm free to use complex coefficients. Hence, circularly polarized light is perfectly possible as an inherent property of light.

Get a metric ruler and place it on the stage of your microscope. Illuminate from above (if you are using a compound microscope, get a transparent ruler or illuminate it with a flashlight). See how many millimeters you can see from left to right. What would be the field of view of this image? (Answer located at bottom of page).

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Elliptical polarizationof light

Sorry I agree with your colleague. Circular pol light is typically a mix of 2 linear polarizations created by certain crystals/materials, the circular thing is a mathematical construct where we can add 2 vectors and get a phase .... phase can be interpreted in angular/radial dimensions.

Now it turns out that my colleague is not particularly well versed in math, so my line of reasoning does not fly a single nanometer. Besides, it would be advantageous to me if I can also get someone else on my side, specially on the management floor, and math is certainly not the way.

Circular polarized light is photons in helicity eigenstates. I think the left vs. right is a bit confusing, but that is just convention. A photon in the spin state:

Other considerations: The working distance is the distance from the bottom of the microscope (lens) to the part of the specimen that is in focus. As you increase the magnification, you decrease the working distance. If you need to work under the microscope, you will need a large working distance. Some special microscopes have extended working distances for these purposes. Zoom microscopes have a fixed working distance throughout the zoom range. When using a 100x objective lens (1000x total power) your working distance might only be 0.04mm (40µm). The lens will be extremely close to the specimen! The working distance and the amount of vertical motion of the microscope will also affect the maximum specimen height. Maximum specimen height is how tall an object you can put on the stage and still be able to focus on the top part of the specimen.

Circular polarisation of lightmeaning

Edit My colleague knows the effect of a QWP very well, but, he still thinks that circularly polarized light is a mental construction. More or less like some statistical blah-blah from the newspaper, that one is advised not to trust, unless one really knows what is going on. When I speak of Stokes parameters, he tends to mistrust the thing. I personally find math arguments very helpful to stay on safe ground, but it is also very difficult to communicate that feeling of safety to others. The guy is neither stupid nor obtuse, by any stretch of those concepts. In a way, I find it sane that he asks for arguments.

I've read that there exist chiral molecules, which modify circularly polarized light, but do not affect linear polarized light. Some sugars, and also some oil-derivatives. But I could not find an explanation of the effect, much less an intuitive one.

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Circular polarisation of lightformula

This page with pennies at different magnifications might be helpful to get a visual idea of what you can see at different magnifications.

The chart below will tell you (approximately) what to expect when looking through a microscope with varying combinations of eyepieces and objective lenses. As an example (in green below), a dual power stereo microscope with 10x eyepiece lenses and 1x and 3x combinations of objective lenses, would have total powers of 10x and 30x and your field of view would be 20mm and 6.7mm respectively.

At work, a senior colleague thinks that circularly polarized light does not exist. My problem is that we both work on a project involving polarized light. In some occasions, I would like to point out some artifacts that I can identify in the circularly polarized component (because I am computing the Stokes parameter that describes exactly that). My colleague insists to dismiss those arguments of mine on the basis that circularly polarized light does not exist. Instead, he argues, I should measure linear polarized states, and reason from there.

In optical crystals, it is the periodic electric and magnetic fields of the crystal structure that polarize and diffract light. Among these, there are crystals that have two optical axes (birefringence, polarization planes, ...)

And there is the phenomenon that the radiation receives a twist when it emerges from an optical structure. We then observe this as circularly polarized light.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_polarization Note how in Wikipedia the first 3 references are from the 1800s! Circular light is a long running convention in physics.

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