The observed wavelength range is broken up into a short wavelength and a long wavelength band.[13] The short wavelength band goes from 0.6 to 2.3 μm and the long wavelength band goes from 2.4 to 5 μm; both have the same field of view and access to a coronagraph.[13] Each side of the NIRCam views a 2.2 arcminute by 2.2 arcminute patch of sky in both the short and long wavelengths; however, the short wavelength arm has twice the resolution.[12] The long wavelength arm has one array per side (two overall), and the short wavelength arm has four arrays per side, or 8 overall.[12] Side A and Side B have a unique field of view, but they are adjacent to each other.[12] In other words, the camera looks at two 2.2 arcminute wide fields of view that are next to each other, and each of these views is observed at short and long wavelengths simultaneously with the short wavelength arm having twice the resolution of the longer wavelength arm.[12]

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NIRCam (Near-InfraRed Camera) is an instrument aboard the James Webb Space Telescope. It has two major tasks, as an imager from 0.6 to 5 μm wavelength, and as a wavefront sensor to keep the 18-section mirrors functioning as one.[1][2] In other words, it is a camera and is also used to provide information to align the 18 segments of the primary mirror.[3] It is an infrared camera with ten mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe) detector arrays, and each array has an array of 2048×2048 pixels.[1][2] The camera has a field of view of 2.2×2.2 arcminutes with an angular resolution of 0.07 arcseconds at 2 μm.[1] NIRCam is also equipped with coronagraphs, which helps to collect data on exoplanets near stars. It helps with imaging anything next to a much brighter object, because the coronagraph blocks that light.[2]

Data from the image sensors (Focal Plane Arrays) is collected by the Focal Plane Electronics and sent to the ISIM computer.[3] The data between the FPE and the ISIM computer is transferred by SpaceWire connection.[3] There are also Instrument Control Electronics (ICE).[3] The Focal Plane Arrays contain 40 million pixels.[7]

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NIRCam has two complete optical systems for redundancy.[3] The two sides can operate at the same time, and view two separate patches of sky; the two sides are called side A and side B.[3] The lenses used in the internal optics are triplet refractors.[3] The lens materials are lithium fluoride (LiF), a barium fluoride (BaF2) and zinc selenide (ZnSe).[3] The triplet lenses are collimating optics.[12] The biggest lens has 90 mm of clear aperture.[12]

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The effect is to form a new wavefront PYZ which travels in a certain direction and contributes to the first order diffracted beam.

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It is excellent at separating the colors in incident light because different wavelengths are diffracted at different angles, according to the grating relationship:

the diffracted light waves from adjacent slits reinforce each other in certain directions only, including the incident light direction, and cancel out in all other directions.

Diffraction gratingpattern

For a given order and wavelength, the smaller the value of d, the greater the angle of diffraction. In other words, the larger the number of slits per metre, the bigger the angle of diffraction.

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Diffraction by gratingexamples

For example, in the diagram, the wavefront emerging at P reinforces the wavefront emitted from Q one cycle earlier, which reinforces the wavefront emitted from R one cycle earlier, etc.

A transmission diffraction grating is a slide with large number of parallel, closely spaced slits (transparent spaces) drawn on it. Early ones were carbon covered glass slides etched by a needle point - now they tend to be printed onto a slide.

The diffraction grating is an immensely useful tool for the separation of the spectral lines associated with atomic transitions. It separates the different colors of light much more than the dispersion effect in a prism is able to - it uses diffraction not refraction to do it!

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Since the angle of diffraction of the beam, θ , is equal to the angle between the wavefront and the plane of the slits, it follows that sin θ = QY/QI where QP is the grating spacing (i.e. the centre-to-centre distance d between adjacent slits).

Diffraction by gratingexperiment

The diffracted waves then interfere with each other. Where crests meet or troughs meet there is reinforcement (constructive interference) – where a crest and tough meet there is cancellation (destructive interference). This results in only the ‘orders’ of light being viewed.

Diffraction gratingPDF

The hydrogen gas in a thin glass tube is excited by an electrical discharge, the electrons are promoted by electrical energy into higher energy states - an then as they fall back to ground state some of the transitions result in photons in the visible region being emitted. This visible spectrum can be viewed through the grating.

To find the maximum number of orders produced, substitute θ = 90 ° (sinθ = 1) in the grating equation and calculate n using n = d/λ .

What isgratingin Physics

Dichroism|Enhance your optical experiments with our versatile Multi in one grating, ideal for laser diffraction and interference studies.

When monochromatic light (light of a single wavelength - like the 632.8 nm red light from a helium-neon laser) strikes a diffraction grating it is diffracted to each side in multiple orders. The condition for maximum intensity is the same as that for a double slit. However, angular separation of the maxima is generally much greater because the slit spacing is so small for a diffraction grating.

NIRcam includes filter wheels that allow the light coming in from the optics to be sent through a filter before it is recorded by the sensors.[15] The filters have a certain range in which they allow light to pass, blocking the other frequencies; this allows operators of NIRCam some control over what frequencies are observed when making an observation with the telescope.[15]

Click onto the image to go to an excellent site that explains this in even more detail and allows you to explore diffraction via an interactive activity.

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Diffraction by gratingequation

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The condition for maximum intensity is the same as that for the double slit or multiple slits, but with a large number of slits the intensity maximum is very sharp and narrow, providing the high resolution for spectroscopic applications. The peak intensities are also much higher for the grating than for the double slit.

What isgratingelement

NIRCam should be able to observe objects as faint as magnitude +29 with a 10,000-second exposure (about 2.8 hours).[8] It makes these observations in light from 0.6 to 5 μm (600 to 5000 nm) wavelength.[4] It can observe in two fields of view, and either side can do imaging, or from the capabilities of the wave-front sensing equipment, spectroscopy.[9] The wavefront sensing is much finer than the thickness of an average human hair.[10] It must perform at an accuracy of at least 93 nanometers and in testing it has even achieved between 32 and 52 nm.[10] A human hair is thousands of nanometers across.[10]

NIRCam is housed in the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM), to which it is attached by struts.[3][4][5][6] It is designed to operate at 37 K (−236.2 °C; −393.1 °F), so it can detect infrared radiation at this wavelength.[3][7] It is connected to the ISIM by struts and thermal straps connect to heat radiators, which helps maintain its temperature.[3] The Focal Plane Electronics operated at 290 K.[3]

Therefore the perpendicular distance QY from the slit to the wavefront is equal to nλ , where λ is the wavelength of the light waves.

The builders of NIRCam are the University of Arizona, company Lockheed Martin, and Teledyne Technologies, in cooperation with the U.S. Space agency, NASA.[2] Lockheed Martin tested and assembled the device.[11] Teledyne Technologies designed and manufactured the ten mercury-cadmium-telluride (HgCdTe) detector arrays.[14] NIRCam was completed in July 2013 and it was shipped to Goddard Spaceflight Center, which is the NASA center managing the JWST project.[7]

Diffraction gratingformula

When a parallel beam of monochromatic light is directed normally (at right angles to it!) at a diffraction grating, light is transmitted by the grating in certain directions only.

Note that from the equation you can see that, the bigger the wavelength the more diffraction. This means that it is the red end of the visible spectrum that is diffracted the most. In the prism the red end of the spectrum is refracted the least!