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Interfacial or space charge polarization occurs when there is an accumulation of charge at an interface between two materials or between two regions within a material because of an external field. This can occur when there is a compound dielectric, or when there are two electrodes connected to a dielectric material. This type of electric polarization is different from orientational and ionic polarization because instead of affecting bound positive and negative charges i.e. ionic and covalent bonded structures, interfacial polarization also affects free charges as well. As a result interfacial polarization is usually observed in amorphous or polycrystalline solids. Figure 5 shows an example of how free charges can accumulate in a field, causing interfacial polarization. The electric field will cause a charge imbalance because of the dielectric material's insulating properties. However, the mobile charges in the dielectric will migrate over maintain charge neutrality. This then causes interfacial polarization.

The dielectric constant is an important term, because another term known as the electronic polarizability or \(\alpha_e\) can be related to the dielectric constant. The electronic polarizability is a microscopic polarization phenomena that occurs in all materials and is one of the main mechanisms that drives dielectric polarization.

Where \(P_{av}\) is the induced average dipole moment per ion pair, \(\alpha_i \) is the ionic polarizability, and \(E\) is the local electric field experienced by the pair of ions. Usually the ionic polarizability is greater than the electronic polarizablity by a factor of 10 which leads to ionic substances having high dielectric constants. Similar to electronic polarization, ionic polarization also has a total polarization associated with it. The equation is given by

Using the capacitor model, it is possible to define the relative permittivity or the dielectric constant of the material by setting its relative permittivity equivalent to the ratio of the measured capacitance and the capacitance of a test capacitor, which is also equal to the absolute permittivity of the material divided by the permittivity of vacuum.

6.1.1: Dielectric Polarization is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

This new verifier is a replacement for the Axicon 6015 and 6025-S verifiers, and has a larger field of view of 69 mm. It has a continuous scan option which means an operator can capture multiple reads through the height of the symbol with only one operation.

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The equation for orientational polarizability shows, that unlike electronic polarizability and ionic polarizability, orientational polarizability is temperature dependent. This is an important factor to consider when choosing a dielectric material for electronic and optical applications.

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While this equation does relate the dielectric constant with the electronic polarizability, it only represents the material as a whole, and does not take into effect the local field, or the field experienced by a molecule in a dielectric. This field is known as the Lorentz field, and the equation to define this is given as,

where \(P_0\) is given by \(P_0 = aQ\). The maximum potential energy can be calculated From Equation \ref{8} by taking the integral at the instant of maximum torque. This maximum potential energy is calculated out to be \(2P_0 E\) which then means that the average dipole potential energy is \(\frac{1}{2} E_{max}\) or \(P_0E\). Once knowing the average dipole potential energy, it is then possible to calculate the average dipole moment \(P_{av}\) through Boltzmann's statistics, which would lead to the answer,

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Established in 1979 as a provider of high-quality barcode images for the printing industry, we still specialise in producing barcode images, and barcode labels, as well as a range of barcode verification equipment. We also provide a range of services to support our clients, including training, consultancy, and barcode verification.

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To explain how the dielectric constant relates to the electronic polarizability of a material, the polarization or P of a material should be determined. The polarization of a material is defined as the total dipole moment per unit volume, and its equation is,

Ionic polarization is a mechanism that contributes to the relative permittivity of a material. This type of polarization typically occurs in ionic crystal elements such as NaCl, KCl, and \(\ce{LiBr}\). There is no net polarization inside these materials in the absence of an external electric field because the dipole moments of the negative ions are canceled out with the positive ions. However, when an external field is applied, the ions become displaced, which leads to an induced polarization. Figure 2 shows the displacement of ions due to this external electric field.

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Axicon develops, manufactures and maintains its range of barcode verifiers at the company headquarters, north of Oxford. Our range of barcode verifiers is distributed through a network of international partners across the globe, and our clients include major manufacturers and retailers worldwide.

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where the \(\chi\) term is known as the electric susceptibility of the material given by the equation \(\chi = \epsilon_r - 1\). Then, from substituting \(\epsilon_r - 1\) for \(\chi\), an equation relating the relative permittivity and the electronic polarizability is determined.

This then, leads to the dipolar orientational polarizability, \(\alpha_d\) per molecule, which is shown by the equation,

Axicon Auto ID Limited is celebrating 30 years of certification to ISO 9001, the international standard for quality management systems.  Axicon was first certified to ISO 9001 by LRQA UK on 21 December 1993.

Axicontablet uses

This equation is known as the Clausius-Mossotti equation and is the way to interchange between the microscopic property of electronic permittivity and the dielectric constant. In addition to knowing the electronic polarizability of a material, there are also other sub-factors, such as chemical composition and bond type that determine the total dielectric behavior of a material. However, electronic polarization is always inherent in a dielectric material.

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Orientational polarization arises when there is a permanent dipole moment in the material. Materials such as HCl and H2O will have a net permanent dipole moment because the charge distributions of these molecules are skewed. For example, in a HCl molecule , the chlorine atom will be negatively charged and the hydrogen atoms will be positively charged causing the molecule to be dipolar. The dipolar nature of the molecule should cause a dipole moment in the material, however, in the absence of an electric field, the dipole moment is canceled out by thermal agitation resulting in a net zero dipole moment per molecule. When an electric field is applied however, the molecule will begin to rotate to align the molecule with the field, causing a net average dipole moment per molecule as shown in Figures 3 and 4.

We have also always been involved in the creation and updating of UK and international standards for identification and barcoding. Our staff have contributed to the work of GS1 UK, as well as BSI’s IST/34 committee which helps develop the ISO/IEC standards concerning barcodes and verification. We also contribute to GS1’s Barcode Technology Group and the development of the GS1 General Specifications.

Axicon has launched its new Axicon 6100-S barcode verifier, an evolution of the Axicon 6000 series of verifiers, which can be used to check the linear barcodes typically used on retail point of sale items. This includes all the EAN/UPC and GS1 DataBar barcodes, as well as Code-128 barcodes that are no wider than 69 mm including their quiet zones. It complies with ISO/IEC 15426-1, is CE certified, and has a two year manufacturer’s warranty.

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We have specialised in all aspects of barcode excellence for over 30 years and the name Axicon is now synonymous with barcode quality.

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“The 6100-S includes incremental design improvements that we have made to other Axicon verifiers, and we are able to offer this at the same price as its predecessor”, explained Martin Morrison, Axicon managing director. The Axicon 6100-S can be ordered now from Axicon or any of its resellers, and deliveries will begin in early February.

where \(\alpha_c\) is the space charge polarizability and \(\alpha\), \(\alpha_{\infty}\), and \(\alpha_0\) refer to the total, electronic, and orientational polarizations respectively. It is important to note that because the charges are free charges, defects such as grain boundaries or other interfaces can serve as a medium for interfacial polarizability to form.

“Axicon has always placed quality at the heart of what we do, and being certified to ISO 9001 for quality management systems since 1993 has provided extra reassurance to our customers,” explained Martin Morrison, managing director of Axicon.  “ISO 9001 asks us to place customers first, and to work for continuous improvement.  Maintaining this certification has helped us to excel in our manufacturing of barcode images, self-adhesive labels, and barcode verifiers that are in use worldwide by major companies in many industrial sectors.”

Axicon’s certification is for the quality management system that covers the design and development of barcode verifiers, their manufacture and servicing, the printing of self-adhesive labels, and the creation of digital barcode images, all from the company’s site at Weston on the Green, Oxfordshire

The 6100-S uses the same software as all the other Axicon linear barcode verifiers; it can be used with computers running the Windows operating system, and with the Android app on some tablets and other suitable Android devices.

From the equation of space charge polarization, it is then determined that the total amount of dielectric polarization in a material is the sum of the electronic, orientational, and interfacial polarizabilities, or \(\alpha = \alpha_c + \alpha_{\infty} + \alpha_0\).

Note that these equations assume that there is a charge balance inside the ionic material (eg. NaCl) whereas if a charge imbalance is present, such as in materials like CaF2, a different set of equations must be used.

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Axicon Auto ID is a world leader in barcode verification, having developed and manufactured our own verifiers since 1989. Axicon barcode verifiers are used across the globe and are fully compliant with the international ISO/IEC standards for both linear and matrix bar codes. These verifiers are used to measure the quality of printed barcodes, on all levels of product packaging.

Dielectric polarization is the term given to describe the behavior of a material when an external electric field is applied on it. A simple picture can be made using a capacitor as an example. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows an example of a dielectric material in between two conducting parallel plates. The charges in the material will have a response to the electric field caused by the plates.

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Dielectric polarization occurs when a dipole moment is formed in an insulating material because of an externally applied electric field. When a current interacts with a dielectric (insulating) material, the dielectric material will respond with a shift in charge distribution with the positive charges aligning with the electric field and the negative charges aligning against it. By taking advantage of this response, important circuit elements such as capacitors can be made.

To determine if the induced average dipole moment along the electric field, the average potential energy of the dipole must be calculated and compared to the the average thermal energy \(\frac{1}{5} kT\), as determined by thermodynamics for five degrees of freedom. To accomplish this, Force \(F\) on Figure 3 can be seen as a torque \(\tau\) acting on the rigid body of the dipolar molecule. Using this model, the equation for the torque is given by

The verifier itself has to be moved across the barcode to achieve this, and this technique is quickly learnt. This means that the verification process is faster and uses more than the minimum of ten scans that the international standards require.