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Most microscopes rely on background illumination such as daylight or a lightbulb rather than a dedicated light source. In brightfield illumination (also known as Koehler illumination), two convex lenses, a collector lens and a condenser lens,  are placed so as to saturate the specimen with external light admitted into the microscope from behind. This provides a bright, even, steady light throughout the system.

The optical performance of an objective is dependent largely on the optical aberration correction, and these corrections are also central to image quality and measurement accuracy. Objective lenses are classified as achromat, plan achromat, plan semi apochromat, plan apochromat, and super apochromat depending on the degree of correction.

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JetBlack Safety Cleaning Booths are self-contained, de-dusting solutions that easily remove, extract and collect dust and debris from the clothes and body.

In some parts of the world (such as regions within Canada), cleaning with compressed air is not allowed by law. In the UK, although there are no specific laws prohibiting the use of compressed air for cleaning, the HSE's Compressed Air Safety Book warns against this activity.

A basic compound microscope could consist of just two elements acting in relay, the objective and the eyepiece. The objective relays a real image to the eyepiece, while magnifying that image anywhere from 4-100x.  The eyepiece magnifies the real image received typically by another 10x, and conveys a virtual image to the sensor.

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In the USA, compressed air use is governed by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standard 1910.242.b, which states:

A microscope is an optical device designed to magnify the image of an object, enabling details indiscernible to the human eye to be differentiated. A microscope may project the image onto the human eye or onto a camera or video device.

At Avantier we produce high quality microscope objectives lenses, ocular lenses, and other imaging systems. We are also able to provide custom designed optical lenses as needed. Chromatic focus shift, working distance, image quality, lens mount, field of view, and antireflective coatings are just a few of the parameters we can work with to create an ideal objective for your application. Contact us today to learn more about how we can help you meet your goals.

There are some important specifications and terminology you’ll want to be aware of when designing a microscope or ordering microscope objectives. Here is a list of key terminology.

Historically microscopes were simple devices composed of two elements. Like a magnifying glass today, they produced a larger image of an object placed within the field of view. Today, microscopes are usually complex assemblies that include an array of lenses, filters, polarizers, and beamsplitters. Illumination is arranged to provide enough light for a clear image, and sensors are used to ‘see’ the object.

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The working distance of a microscope is defined as the free distance between the objective lens and the object being studied. Low magnification objective lenses have a long working distance.

The parfocal length of a microscope is defined as the distance between the object being studied and the objective mounting plane.

The eyepiece or ocular lens is the part of the microscope closest to your eye when you bend over to look at a specimen. An eyepiece usually consists of two lenses: a field lens and an eye lens. If a larger field of view is required, a more complex eyepiece  that increases the field of view can be used instead.

The field of view (FOV) of a microscope is simply the area of the object that can be imaged at any given time. For an infinity-corrected objective, this will be determined by the objective magnification and focal length of the tube lens. Where a camera is used the FOV  also depends on sensor size.

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Microscope objective lenses are typically the most complex part of a microscope.  Most microscopes will have three or four objectives lenses, mounted on a turntable for ease of use. A scanning objective lens will provide 4x magnification,  a low power magnification lens will provide magnification of 10x, and a high power objective offers 40x magnification. For high magnification, you will need to use oil immersion objectives. These can provide up to 50x, 60x, or 100x magnification and increase the resolving power of the microscope, but they cannot be used on live specimens.

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In modern microscopes, neither the eyepiece nor the microscope objective is a simple lens. Instead, a combination of carefully chosen optical components work together to create a high quality magnified image. A basic compound microscope can magnify up to about 1000x. If you need higher magnification, you may wish to use an electron microscope, which can magnify up to a million times.

Referred to as the 'fourth utility', compressed air plays a vital role in many industrial processes. Despite this, it is not always afforded the same attention as gas and electricity when it comes to safety. Misuse of compressed air by workers is one of the areas where safety often fails, with serious or even fatal consequences. Despite clear and repeated warnings from the HSE to "never use compressed air to remove dust from clothing", this practice is still commonplace on many factory floors. It is convenient, quick and easy, and people don't always realise the potential for danger.

An microscope objective  may be either reflective or refractive. It may also be either finite conjugate or infinite conjugate.

People don't always realise that compressed air can cause severe injury or worse, even when there is no direct contact with the skin or body. Careless use of compressed air to blow away dirt or dust from clothing could allow the air to enter the body, damaging the internal organs. A layer of clothing offers little protection against compressed air.

JetBlack Safety Cleaning Stations are available in Wall-Mounted and Portable versions, providing a cost-effective alternative to compressed air.

Compressed air is not the same as ordinary air. It is air that has been condensed and contained at a pressure that is greater than the atmosphere. The force with which the air exits the gun makes it so dangerous - as damaging as a solid object. It is forceful enough to blow an eye out of its socket or rupture an eardrum.

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Blowguns can be equipped with a pre-set tamper-proof pressure regulator set at reduced pressure. Even so, their use should be considered carefully. This is because the problem with blowguns in the workplace stems not from their use but their misuse. There have been several publicly reported cases of colorectal injury due to pranks - it takes only one or two seconds to deliver enough pressurised air to cause serious internal damage.

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A basic achromatic objective is a refractive objective that consists of just an achromatic lens and a meniscus lens, mounted within appropriate housing. The design is meant to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration  as they bring two wavelengths of light to focus in the same plane. Plan Apochromat objectives can be much more complex with up to fifteen elements. They can be quite expensive, as would be expected from their complexity.

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While a magnifying glass consists of just one lens element and can magnify any element placed within its focal length, a compound lens, by definition, contains multiple lens elements. A relay lens system is used to convey the image of the object to the eye or, in some cases, to camera and video sensors.

Both the objective lens and the eyepiece also contribute to the overall magnification of the system. If an objective lens magnifies the object by 10x and the eyepiece by 2x, the microscope will magnify the object by 20. If the microscope lens magnifies the object by 10x and the eyepiece by 10x, the microscope will magnify the object by 100x. This multiplicative relationship is the key to the power of microscopes, and the prime reason they perform so much better than simply magnifying glasses.

"Compressed air is dangerous – in fact it can kill. When we initially suggested a safer, dedicated dust blow-off booth for cleaning clothing people here thought we were mad! However, a few months after the booth was installed everyone now uses it on a regular basis and it is accepted throughout the entire company."

While most microscope objectives are designed to work with air between the objective and cover glass, objectives lenses designed for higher NA and greater magnification sometimes use an alternate immersion medium. For instance, a typical oil immersion object is meant to be used with an oil with refractive index of 1.51.

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“Compressed air shall not be used for cleaning purposes except where reduced to less than 30 PSI and then only with effective chip guarding and personal protective equipment".

Numerical aperture NA denotes the light acceptance angle. Where θ is the maximum 1/2 acceptance ray angle of the objective and n is the index of refraction of the immersive medium, the NA can be denoted by

Although today’s microscopes are usually far more powerful than the microscopes used historically, they are used for much the same purpose: viewing objects that would otherwise be indiscernible to the human eye.  Here we’ll start with a basic compound microscope and go on to explore the components and function of larger more complex microscopes. We’ll also take an in-depth look at one of the key parts of a microscope, the objective lens.

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Evolving workplace safety regulations and increased awareness of the risks and costs associated with compressed air have created a rapidly expanding market for a new generation of low-pressure systems. These systems are designed to limit exposure to pressurised air streams and airborne particulates and operate at noise levels well within regulatory guidelines. The JetBlack Safety cleaning station produces a low pressure, high-velocity blower-driven airstream - only 2.52 PSI (200 mBar), well below OSHA requirements for North America. This means the units can be safely aimed at virtually any part of the body (except eyes and ears) or can even be used directly on the skin. It is still recommended to exercise caution when using any machinery. JetBlack Safety also offers a full-body cleaning booth that can extract and collect dust quickly and efficiently when dealing with hazardous airborne dust.

The use of blowguns to remove swarf, powder, dust, etc., from components and machinery is widespread throughout the industry. However, this practice carries similar risks to personnel dedusting with compressed air. In addition, cleaning plants and parts with compressed air creates blowback that is strong enough to drive the filings, shavings, chips, dust, and other debris into the eyes, ears, or skin.

There are two major specifications for a microscope: the magnification power and the resolution. The magnification tells us how much larger the image is made to appear. The resolution tells us how far away two points must be to  be distinguishable. The smaller the resolution, the larger the resolving power of the microscope. The highest resolution you can get with a light microscope is 0.2 microns (0.2 microns), but this depends on the quality of both the objective and eyepiece.

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A reflective objective works by reflecting light rather than bending it. Primary and secondary mirror systems both magnify and relay the image of the object being studied. While reflective objectives are not as widely used as refractive objectives, they offer many benefits. They can work deeper in the UV or IR spectral regions, and they are not plagued with the same aberrations as refractive objectives. As a result, they tend to offer better resolving power.

"Very serious injuries, sometimes fatal, have occurred when the nozzle of the gun has been pointed towards the body, even at some distance from it. Many of the injuries occur when clothing is dusted down and because of this compressed air should never be used for cleaning clothing. Others are the result of horseplay."

Refractive objectives are so-called because the elements bend or refract light as it passes through the system. They are well suited to machine vision applications, as they can provide high resolution imaging of very small objects or ultra fine details. Each element within a refractive element is typically coated with an anti-reflective coating.