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Ghosting is caused by the combination of the 3 shots with moving objects while motion blur is caused by the moving object with a slow shutter speed. The speed of the moving object and the shutter speed will determine the amount of motion blur and ghosting that will be caused in the image. Although some photographers intentionally use the ghosting artifact to create effects in their images, ghosting may not always be intentional. If necessary, you can use Photoshop or other editing software to fix ghosting across a bracketed sequence.
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The ocular or eyepiece is what an observer looks through and is present in the upper portion of the microscope. The eyepiecetube clasps the eyepieces which are positioned above the objective lens. The objective lenses are the main optical lenses. They range in various magnifications from 4x to 100x and generally include 3 to 5 lenses on a single microscope. Nosepiece houses the objective lenses.
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The fine and coarse focus knobs are the adjustment knobs that are often used to focus the microscope. They are coaxial knobs. This means the focusing system of both fine and coarse focus are mounted on the same axis. There is also a condenser focus knob which moves the condenser up or down to control the lighting
Microscope is a tool that produces enlarged images of small objects, allowing the observer to have an exceedingly close view of minute structures in a slide. It is primarily used for examination and analysis. Here, let us learn more about different types of microscopes and also their parts and functions.
An illuminator acts as the light source and is typically located at the microscope’s base. Most light microscopes operate on halogen bulbs with low voltage and also have variable and continuous lighting control within the base. A condenser is typically used to gather and focus the illuminator’s light onto the specimen. It is found beneath the stage and is often observed in conjunction with a diaphragm or iris. Iris or Diaphragm regulates the amount of light that reaches the specimen. It is situated above the condenser but beneath the stage.
In HDR photography, we are usually taking bracketed sequences to create the final HDR image. Since bracketing involves multiple consecutive shots, any moving objects in your scene will be moving across each bracketed image, a common artifact in HDR photography known as ghosting. Do not confuse ghosting with motion blur as motion blur and ghosting are two different artifacts created by two different pieces of the overall HDR process. In this article, we will explain the difference between motion blur and ghosting in HDR photography.
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A compound microscope is a high-power microscope that has higher magnification levels than a low-power or dissection microscope. It is used to examine tiny specimens like cell structures that cannot be viewed at lower magnification levels. A compound microscope is made up of both structural and optical components. The 3 basic structural components are – the head, arm and base.
The basic objective of a microscope is to magnify small objects. More than magnification, the most important function of a microscope is to provide resolution. It should render high-quality details of the desired specimen in order to proceed with the experiment and analysis. Simple and compound are some of the earliest known microscopes that have been recently replaced by electron and fluorescent microscopes. The different types of microscopes are as follows:
In the image below, the moving cars look a little transparent and faded, hence the name “ghosting.” There is also motion blur in this image, which we will explain next.
Both simple and compound microscopes can be used for microbiological studies. Specimens like fungi and algae can be viewed under these microscopes. Microscopes can also be used to study soil particles.
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These are few applications associated with each microscope. Keep exploring BYJU’S Biology to learn more such exciting topics.
Ghosting and motion blur are both visible in the image below. However, the motion blur also creates a cool effect with the brake lights, giving the impression that the cars are moving quickly.
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As a result of technical advancements, one can also find more efficient microscopes like scanning probe microscopes and scanning acoustic microscopes.
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As you can see in the image below, there is a blur where the cars are moving. In addition, the brake lights on the cars are being dragged out because of the slow shutter speed. When you have motion blur in your HDR image, you will always have ghosting as well. We will discuss why this is in the next section of the article.
Instead of light, these microscopes use beams of electrons to generate images. The two well-known electron microscopes are:
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As mentioned before, ghosting is caused when objects moving across multiple images are combined into one image. Ghosting is an actual artifact created from the overall HDR processing. The most common example of ghosting is a bird flying through the scene. In a bracketed sequence, the shots are taken consecutively. Therefore, in the first shot of the bracketed sequence, the bird will be in Position A. In the next shot, the bird will be in Position B and in the last shot, the bird will be in Position C. The bird has moved right across the frame, so when we combine and stack these 3 images, we basically get duplicates of the bird. Each of these duplicates will look a little faded and transparent, making the duplicates of the bird look like little ghosts, hence the name “ghosting.” You will essentially end up with 3 birds in your final HDR image, so you will have to go back and fix each one of the images in the bracketed sequence. With ghosting, there is nothing you can really do, except to shoot a single-shot HDR whenever possible. If you can capture and compress everything to one single image, then shoot a single-shot HDR. If you must do a bracketed sequence, you will need to mask and clone out any ghosting in the HDR image in Photoshop. However, one factor that can help reduce ghosting in HDR photography is to use a DSLR with a faster frame rate, which we will discuss in a future article.
The stage is where the specimen to be viewed is placed. A mechanical stage is often used when working on a specimen at a higher magnification. This is when delicate movement of the specimen is required. Stage clips are operated to hold the slide in place. To see different areas of the specimen, the observer must physically move the slide. A separate knob is present to move the slide in the mechanical stage. The aperture is a tiny hole in the stage via which the transmitted light enters the stage.
The primary function of a microscope is to study biological specimens. A microscope solely functions on two concepts – magnification and resolution. Magnification is simply the ability of the microscope to enlarge the image. Whereas the ability to analyse minute details depends on the resolution.
If the shutter speed on your camera is fast enough, it is possible to have ghosting without motion blur in your image. If the slowest shutter speed on your camera is 1/500th of a second, it will freeze most moving objects; therefore, you will not necessarily have motion blur in the image. However, regardless of how fast your camera’s frame rate is, there will still be a quick duration of time in which moving objects have time to move throughout each frame, thus causing ghosting. Therefore, you will still have ghosting, but you may not capture motion blur in your image.
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A simple microscope is a basic light microscope that has only one lens. The condenser part is absent in simple microscopes. They work on natural light and there is less usage of hooks and knobs for adjustments. On the other hand, compound microscopes have 2 adjustment knobs – fine and coarse. Their magnification is also higher than the simple microscope.
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These are basic microscopes that use light to magnify objects. The lenses in these microscopes refract the light for the objects beneath them to appear closer. The different types of light or optical microscopes are:
The other type of artifact that we will get in HDR photography is motion blur. Motion blur is not necessarily a factor of the HDR process but rather the slow shutter speed on a camera. Motion blur occurs when the shutter speed is slow and there is movement within a single frame, not necessarily across the frame. For example, if your shutter speed is at 1/30th of a second and there is someone moving in your scene, that person will come out blurry in the image. So, motion blur is caused when the shutter is left open or “dragged” when objects are moving in the scene, while ghosting is caused when we combine three images with moving objects into a single image.
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Compound and dissection microscopes are the two types of microscopes that are mostly used in schools for educational purposes.
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It is also possible to get a combination of motion blur and ghosting in your image. Unlike ghosting where you can have one artifact (ghosting) without the other (motion blur), if you have motion blur in your image, you will have ghosting as well. For example, if there are moving objects in your scene and your shutter speed is slow, you will see a combination of motion blur and ghosting. Just remember that, depending on the overall shutter speed settings, ghosting can come without motion blur but motion blur always comes with ghosting. Now, there are many photographers who intentionally use motion blur and ghosting in their HDR images to create interesting effects, so ghosting and motion blur are not always bad.