Types of polarizationin physics

A charge of \(2.0 \times 10^{-10} \mathrm{C}\) is to be stored on each plate of a parallel-plate capacitor having an area of \(650 \mathrm{~mm}^{2}\) (1.0 in. \(^{2}\) ) and a plate separation of \(4.0 \mathrm{~mm}(0.16 \mathrm{in} .)\). (a) What voltage is required if a material having a dielectric constant of \(3.5\) is positioned within the plates? (b) What voltage would be required if a vacuum were used? (c) What are the capacitances for parts (a) and (b)? (d) Compute the dielectric displacement for part (a). (e) Compute the polarization for part (a).

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Briefly describe electron and hole motions in a \(p-n\) junction for forward and reverse biases; then explain how these lead to rectification.

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At room temperature the electrical conductivity and the electron mobility for aluminum are \(3.8 \times 10^{7}(\Omega \cdot \mathrm{m})^{-1}\) and \(0.0012 \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{V} \cdot \mathrm{s}\), respectively. (a) Compute the number of free electrons per cubic meter for aluminum at room temperature. (b) What is the number of free electrons per aluminum atom? Assume a density of \(2.7 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\).

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Germanium to which \(10^{24} \mathrm{~m}^{-3}\) As atoms have been added is an extrinsic semiconductor at room temperature, and virtually all the As atoms may be thought of as being ionized (i.e., one charge carrier exists for each As atom). (a) Is this material \(n\)-type or \(p\)-type? (b) Calculate the electrical conductivity of this material, assuming electron and hole mobilities of \(0.1\) and \(0.05 \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{V} \cdot \mathrm{s}\), respectively.

(a) Calculate the number of free electrons per cubic meter for silver, assuming that there are \(1.3\) free electrons per silver atom. The electrical conductivity and density for \(\mathrm{Ag}\) are \(6.8 \times 10^{7}(\Omega \cdot \mathrm{m})^{-1}\) and \(10.5 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\), respectively. (b) Now, compute the electron mobility for \(\mathrm{Ag}\).

(a) For each of the three types of polarization, briefly describe the mechanism by which dipoles are induced and/or oriented by the action of an applied electric field. (b) For gaseous argon, solid LiF, liquid \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\), and solid Si, what kind(s) of polarization is (are) possible? Why?