Spherometeris used to measure

The microscope objective lens is an aplanatic system. This means that: in terms of a pair of conjugate points on the axis, when the spherical aberration is eliminated and the sinusoidal condition is realized, each objective lens has only two such aplanatic points. Therefore, any change in the calculated positions of objects and images results in larger aberrations. Installed on the rotator at the lower end of the lens barrel, there are generally 3-4 objective lenses, among which the shortest one engraved with the symbol "10×" is a low-magnification lens, and the longer one engraved with the symbol "40×" is a high-power lens. The long one engraved with the "100×" symbol is an oil lens. In addition, a circle of lines of different colors is often added to the high-power lens and the oil lens to show the difference.

The objective lens is the most important optical component of the microscope. It uses light to make the object under inspection image for the first time. Therefore, it directly affects and affects the quality of the image and various optical technical parameters. It is the primary standard to measure the quality of a microscope.

Spherometerexperiment

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The spherometer is used to find the radius of curvature of spherical surfaces. Large picture: a convex surface. Insert: a concave surface.

Spherometerleast count

Anton von Leeuwenhoek, the Dutch microscopist who specialized in setting and grinding lenses, used a small, almost spherical glass lens in his simple microscope. With this lens he was able to examine the structure of skin, and discover bacteria. One single lens was able to give quite a high magnification because it was small and almost spherical. The image-forming properties of all lenses (and mirrors) depend on the curvature of their surfaces – whether they are sharply curved as in Leeuwenhoek's small spheres or shallower curves which are part of much larger spheres. Lens and mirror surfaces are usually parts of spheres.

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Spherometerdiagram

Before the spherometer is used, its zero reading must be checked for accuracy. A flat surface gives a zero height difference and the spherometer is supplied with a piece of flat plate glass on which the instrument can be checked. The vertical scale zero is not at either end of the scale, but somewhere near the middle of it. This is so that both positive and negative height differences, corresponding to convex and concave surfaces, can be measured with the spherometer.

Spherometermeasures

The height difference is directly related to the radius of curvature, which can be calculated from the height difference by a simple formula. A shallow curve gives a small difference in level, and a large radius of curvature. Obviously a shallow lens is a small part of a large sphere. A more sharply curved surface gives a bigger height difference and a smaller radius of curvature.

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The structure of the objective lens is complicated and the production is precise. It is usually composed of lens groups, and the lenses are separated from each other by a certain distance to reduce the phase difference. Each group of lenses is made of one or several lenses of different materials and parameters. The objective lens has many specific requirements, such as coaxial and parfocal. The modern microscope objective lens has reached a high degree of perfection, its numerical aperture is close to the limit, and the difference between the resolution at the center of the field of view and the theoretical value is negligible. However, the possibility of continuing to increase the field of view of the microscope objective lens and improving the imaging quality at the edge of the field of view still exists, and this kind of research work is still in progress. Parfocality means that during the microscope inspection, when the image is observed clearly with an objective lens of a certain magnification, when the objective lens of another magnification is switched, the image should be basically clear, and the center deviation of the image should also be within a certain range. , that is, the degree of alignment. The pros and cons of parfocal performance and the degree of coaxiality are an important indicator of the quality of the microscope, which is related to the quality of the objective lens itself and the precision of the objective lens converter.

Spherometerphysics

Aberrations related to wide beams are spherical aberration, coma, and positional chromatic aberration; aberrations related to field of view are astigmatism, field curvature, distortion, and magnification envelope aberration. The difference between the microscope objective lens and the eyepiece lens is that it participates in imaging. The objective lens is the most complex and important part of the microscope, working in wide beams (large aperture), but the inclination angle of these beams to the optical axis is small (viewing angle small field); the eyepiece works in a narrow beam, but its inclination angle is large (large field of view). When calculating the objective lens and eyepiece, there is a big difference in eliminating aberrations.

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A spherometer is an instrument used for measuring the radius of curvature of a spherical surface. Spherometers were first used by opticians to measure the curvature of the surface of a lens.

Digitalspherometer

It isn't the radius of the lens or mirror itself which is of primary importance, but the radius of the sphere to which the curved surface of the lens belongs. This radius is called the radius of curvature, and is the quantity measured by a spherometer.

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Spherometerformula

Dec 20, 2006 — Now move your indicator around the top surface of the part. Some areas may be + and some may be -. This variation is how you measure flatness.

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The central leg is adjusted so that all four tips touch the surface at the same time. If the surface is concave (rounded like the bowl of a spoon), the central leg must be longer for the spherometer to fit the surface. On a convex surface (rounded like the back of a spoon), the central leg must be shorter. This central leg is screwed up and down, and a circular disk with a scale marked around its outer edge is fixed to the head of the screw. The disk moves up and down a fixed vertical scale. Both scales are used to measure the difference in height between the fixed legs and the adjustable leg. The vertical scale shows an approximate value of the height difference. Each of its scale divisions corresponds to one complete twist of the screw. The circular scale is marked in fractions of complete screw turns. It gives the additional fraction of a twist (between the vertical scale markings) accurately.

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The spherometer has three straight legs all of the same length that are at the same level and arranged so that their tips form an equilateral triangle. A fourth leg is of adjustable length, and its tip is at the center of the triangle. The spherometer is placed on the lens or mirror surface. Since its outer legs are over an inch (2.5 cm) apart, and all legs must touch the surface, the spherometer cannot be used on very small lenses or mirrors.