Apr 14, 2024 — Use isopropyl alcohol to clean the surface after goof off breaks down all the adhesive. (Disclaimer: I've never used this stuff on electronics.

Forgive my tangent post, but does anyone have thoughts on filtering the coolant while milling glass?I switch between glass and various metals and struggle with manually cleaning out my Haas coolant tank and related lines. Thanks!

Oct 18, 2024 — You can contact the customer service team at support@GetFitSpresso.com for a refund. ... Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in the story ...

As noted above, a camera's angle level of view depends not only on the lens, but also on the sensor used. Digital sensors are usually smaller than 35 mm film, causing the lens to usually behave as a longer focal length lens would behave, and have a narrower angle of view than with 35 mm film, by a constant factor for each sensor (called the crop factor). In everyday digital cameras, the crop factor can range from around 1 (professional digital SLRs), to 1.6 (mid-market SLRs), to around 3 to 6 for compact cameras. So a standard 50 mm lens for 35 mm photography acts like a 50 mm standard "film" lens even on a professional digital SLR, but would act closer to a 75 mm (1.5×50 mm Nikon) or 80 mm lens (1.6×50mm Canon) on many mid-market DSLRs, and the 40-degree angle of view of a standard 50 mm lens on a film camera is equivalent to a 28–35 mm lens on many digital SLRs.

I wonder if he could mitigate the slight cracking problem by milling 40% from one side, then flipping it over and milling the other 60% from the other side. the kind of “knapping” flakes you see generally only happen when you apply pressure to a continuous edge of glass. It would make for a better finish, but would make code generation a pain.

Don’t expect this to work the first time you attempt it. This technique takes practice to master the craft, but he makes it look so easy.

For angles of incidence below the critical angle only the amplitudes of the different polarization components are affected by reflection or transmission at an ...

Dielectric Mirror coatings for Glass Substrates. ECI's low loss dielectric mirror coatings are deposited with high energy Ion Beam Sputtering (IBS) to create ...

The table below shows the horizontal, vertical and diagonal angles of view, in degrees, when used with 22.2 mm × 14.8 mm format (that is Canon's DSLR APS-C frame size) and a diagonal of 26.7 mm.

To create a perfect circular hole in a sheet of glass, all that is necessary is to score two lines of equal lengths in the glass; one vertical and one horizontal, to form a ‘plus sign’.

CNC glasscutting

Breaking a pane of glass in half is easy – just score it, break it, and after practicing a few times, you’ll eventually get it right. What about cuts that are impossible with a normal glass cutter, like radiused corners and holes? For that, you’ll need CNC. Yes, you can cut glass on a CNC machine. All you need is a diamond burr or glass drilling bit, high speeds, low feeds, and lots and lots of coolant.

I have a much much improved modification that costs $80 and uses a heavy duty glass cutting wheel with a -5mm turning radius, using a glass cutting wheel is much better, cleaner, and faster, email me for info.

If the subject image size remains the same, then at any given aperture all lenses, wide angle and long lenses, will give the same depth of field.[15]

Now α / 2 {\displaystyle \alpha /2} is the angle between the optical axis of the lens and the ray joining its optical center to the edge of the film. Here α {\displaystyle \alpha } is defined to be the angle-of-view, since it is the angle enclosing the largest object whose image can fit on the film. We want to find the relationship between:

The chipping is not really a problem for the flange I needed, it would not degrade the flange much. However if I did, it would remove one of the key benefits of CNC, that is its precision. I don’t trust myself to sand it down evenly.

They look like impact chips. Did you happen to capture any of the chipped-off material around the workbench that you can analyze microscopically?

This table shows the diagonal, horizontal, and vertical angles of view, in degrees, for lenses producing rectilinear images, when used with 36 mm × 24 mm format (that is, 135 film or full-frame 35 mm digital using width 36 mm, height 24 mm, and diagonal 43.3 mm for d in the formula above).[16] Digital compact cameras sometimes state the focal lengths of their lenses in 35 mm equivalents, which can be used in this table.

Hi, first time posting. I am about to cut some glass on a CNC. Can you answer the following questions for me. 1. What size diamond blur bit would you recommend? 2. What type of lubricant would you recommend? 3. Can I secure the glass to with two sided tape to our cutting bed?

Another result of using a wide angle lens is a greater apparent perspective distortion when the camera is not aligned perpendicularly to the subject: parallel lines converge at the same rate as with a normal lens, but converge more due to the wider total field. For example, buildings appear to be falling backwards much more severely when the camera is pointed upward from ground level than they would if photographed with a normal lens at the same distance from the subject, because more of the subject building is visible in the wide-angle shot.

In the optical instrumentation industry the term field of view (FOV) is most often used, though the measurements are still expressed as angles.[8] Optical tests are commonly used for measuring the FOV of UV, visible, and infrared (wavelengths about 0.1–20 μm in the electromagnetic spectrum) sensors and cameras.

Nice to know it is possible, however, forthe results and the difficulty of this, I think it’s better/easier to find someone with a waterjet cutter…

Wide range of Micro USB cable, e.g. for charging smartphones or data connection between phone and computer. USB Type A to Micro B.

It is important to distinguish the angle of view from the angle of coverage, which describes the angle range that a lens can image. Typically the image circle produced by a lens is large enough to cover the film or sensor completely, possibly including some vignetting toward the edge. If the angle of coverage of the lens does not fill the sensor, the image circle will be visible, typically with strong vignetting toward the edge, and the effective angle of view will be limited to the angle of coverage.

Because different lenses generally require a different camera–subject distance to preserve the size of a subject, changing the angle of view can indirectly distort perspective, changing the apparent relative size of the subject and foreground.

Note that the angle of view varies slightly when the focus is not at infinity (See breathing (lens)), given by S 2 = S 1 f S 1 − f {\displaystyle S_{2}={\frac {S_{1}f}{S_{1}-f}}} rearranging the lens equation.

To project a sharp image of distant objects, S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} needs to be equal to the focal length, F {\displaystyle F} , which is attained by setting the lens for infinity focus. Then the angle of view is given by:

As for the chipping why not just make the piece you make slightly larger than you need and then use a sanding bit to polish the edge down to the final size while removing edge chipping?

Dec 23, 2023 — Depth of field is an essential aspect of photography that controls focus and blur in an image. · Adjusting camera settings like aperture, focal ...

Yup. But you can do it as simply as immersing it in a layer of coolant, no injection or drip required. just remember to clean your tool heads!

Your tiny chips don’t seem to be a huge problem, but I’m betting you’d like to be able to do it reliably with no chips, because that’s a really cool skill to learn!

The total field of view is then approximately: F O V = α D d {\displaystyle \mathrm {FOV} =\alpha {\frac {D}{d}}} or more precisely, if the imaging system is rectilinear: F O V = 2 arctan ⁡ L D 2 f c d {\displaystyle \mathrm {FOV} =2\arctan {\frac {LD}{2f_{c}d}}}

In photography, angle of view (AOV)[1] describes the angular extent of a given scene that is imaged by a camera. It is used interchangeably with the more general term field of view.

UV/visible light from an integrating sphere (and/or other source such as a black body) is focused onto a square test target at the focal plane of a collimator (the mirrors in the diagram), such that a virtual image of the test target will be seen infinitely far away by the camera under test. The camera under test senses a real image of the virtual image of the target, and the sensed image is displayed on a monitor.[9]

Defining f = S 2 {\displaystyle f=S_{2}} as the "effective focal length", we get the formula presented above: α = 2 arctan ⁡ d 2 f {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2f}}} where f = F ⋅ ( 1 + m ) {\displaystyle f=F\cdot (1+m)} .

MicroTEK™ technology enables our films enable superior light diffusion capabilities combined with extremely low light absorption to enable highly efficient ...

d {\displaystyle d} represents the size of the film (or sensor) in the direction measured (see below: sensor effects). For example, for 35 mm film which is 36 mm wide and 24 mm high, d = 36 m m {\displaystyle d=36\,\mathrm {mm} } would be used to obtain the horizontal angle of view and d = 24 m m {\displaystyle d=24\,\mathrm {mm} } for the vertical angle.

Because this is a trigonometric function, the angle of view does not vary quite linearly with the reciprocal of the focal length. However, except for wide-angle lenses, it is reasonable to approximate α ≈ d f {\displaystyle \alpha \approx {\frac {d}{f}}} radians or 180 d π f {\displaystyle {\frac {180d}{\pi f}}} degrees.

Cutting glass with a CNC is something we’ve seen before. [Ben Krasnow] has been using diamond burrs, high speeds, low feeds, and lots of coolant to cut mirrors so expensive you don’t even want to guess.

Do any of you know how to create a mirror in the shape of an offset paraboloid? like the graph of y=(x-r)^2 revolved around the y axis? It would be pointy-tipped and look reminiscent of the bell of a trumpet.

1) Have you thought about working it while submerged in a layer of coolant? 2) Have you considered using warm or even hot water? The colder glass gets, the more brittle, right? And it seems to me that in order to prevent serious cracking, you need to keep the temperature GRADIENT below a certain extreme rather than worrying about the workpiece or tool temperature directly. And dripping cool water onto the tool might be causing the gradient to go too extreme because as the glass gets hot when cut some of the water in the immediate area of the tool will be vaporized. 3) What about using non-newtonian fluid submersion? Tape? Sacrificial wood? Glass is just… so tricky. 4) Lift often? 5) Get a piece of real, non-laboratory obsidian and grind that to see any differences between your chips and the chips on obsidian. Ideally, use obsidian that has been knapped manually for practice so its grain direction is known. I think you’ll find there are some non-obvious properties of glass which will suggest you should be more discriminating in selecting glass stock material.

Consider a 35 mm camera with a lens having a focal length of F = 50 mm. The dimensions of the 35 mm image format are 24 mm (vertically) × 36 mm (horizontal), giving a diagonal of about 43.3 mm.

A second effect which comes into play in macro photography is lens asymmetry (an asymmetric lens is a lens where the aperture appears to have different dimensions when viewed from the front and from the back). The lens asymmetry causes an offset between the nodal plane and pupil positions. The effect can be quantified using the ratio (P) between apparent exit pupil diameter and entrance pupil diameter. The full formula for angle of view now becomes:[7] α = 2 arctan ⁡ d 2 F ⋅ ( 1 + m / P ) {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2F\cdot (1+m/P)}}}

Make the score lines longer to produce a larger hole, and/or apply more pressure when striking the glass with the back end of the tool.

Peter again. This guy is making awesome stuff with a 500$ CNC. He found out how to make the spindle software-controlled, how to add functionalities like endstop and so on… Just go to his website, you will be amazed of the level of explanation.

A much quicker way to hog out a telescope mirror blank is to use a diamond cutting wheel chucked into an angle grinder attached to the end of a long extension bar with an adjustable pivot point, so you can grind out a successively larger radius. You’ve got to remove a _lot_ of glass to hog out a 16″ f/5 mirror…

Modifying the angle of view over time (known as zooming), is a frequently used cinematic technique, often combined with camera movement to produce a "dolly zoom" effect, made famous by the film Vertigo. Using a wide angle of view can exaggerate the camera's perceived speed, and is a common technique in tracking shots, phantom rides, and racing video games. See also Field of view in video games.

Glasscutting machine

Coolant pressure helps though, even just a little fish tank pump to recirculate the coolant and spray the tool would be sufficient.

Using basic trigonometry, we find: tan ⁡ ( α / 2 ) = d / 2 S 2 . {\displaystyle \tan(\alpha /2)={\frac {d/2}{S_{2}}}.} which we can solve for α, giving: α = 2 arctan ⁡ d 2 S 2 {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2S_{2}}}}

I suspect it’s possible the CNC3020 is not rigid enough and the minute vibrations are what’s causing the glass to chip. Also check for other sources of vibration such as form the spindle itself.

The sensed image, which includes the target, is displayed on a monitor, where it can be measured. Dimensions of the full image display and of the portion of the image that is the target are determined by inspection (measurements are typically in pixels, but can just as well be inches or cm).

The target's angular extent is: α = 2 arctan ⁡ L 2 f c {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {L}{2f_{c}}}} where L {\displaystyle L} is the dimension of the target and f c {\displaystyle f_{c}} is the focal length of collimator.

For macro photography, we cannot neglect the difference between S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} and F {\displaystyle F} . From the thin lens formula, 1 F = 1 S 1 + 1 S 2 . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{F}}={\frac {1}{S_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{S_{2}}}.}

For lenses projecting rectilinear (non-spatially-distorted) images of distant objects, the effective focal length and the image format dimensions completely define the angle of view. Calculations for lenses producing non-rectilinear images are much more complex and in the end not very useful in most practical applications. (In the case of a lens with distortion, e.g., a fisheye lens, a longer lens with distortion can have a wider angle of view than a shorter lens with low distortion)[3] Angle of view may be measured horizontally (from the left to right edge of the frame), vertically (from the top to bottom of the frame), or diagonally (from one corner of the frame to its opposite corner).

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Then using the opposite end of the scoring tool, tap the center of the ‘plus sign’, to knock out a hole which is proportional in size to the scored lines, AND the amount of pressure applied from the strike.

The collimator's distant virtual image of the target subtends a certain angle, referred to as the angular extent of the target, that depends on the collimator focal length and the target size. Assuming the sensed image includes the whole target, the angle seen by the camera, its FOV, is this angular extent of the target times the ratio of full image size to target image size.[10]

The most useful suggestion from there was to try using some victim glass. I certainly should trying it out, seeing as my fixture can be easily extended to do this (just use two layers of acrylic)

These single-mode and multi-mode fiber-coupled 450nm laser diodes are offered as stock items or associated with a CW or pulsed Turn-Key Laser Diode Driver.

Zoom lenses are a special case wherein the focal length, and hence angle of view, of the lens can be altered mechanically without removing the lens from the camera.

Waterjets can also cut non tempered glass with a vacuum assist to pull abrasive in before turning on the stream. Also using lower pressures.

The effective focal length is nearly equal to the stated focal length of the lens (F), except in macro photography where the lens-to-object distance is comparable to the focal length. In this case, the magnification factor (m) must be taken into account: f = F ⋅ ( 1 + m ) {\displaystyle f=F\cdot (1+m)}

From the definition of magnification, m = S 2 / S 1 {\displaystyle m=S_{2}/S_{1}} , we can substitute S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} and with some algebra find: S 2 = F ⋅ ( 1 + m ) {\displaystyle S_{2}=F\cdot (1+m)}

A solution to the chipping might be to cut thru small, then take a side cut to remove enough material to remove the chipped portion.

Consider a rectilinear lens in a camera used to photograph an object at a distance S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} , and forming an image that just barely fits in the dimension, d {\displaystyle d} , of the frame (the film or image sensor). Treat the lens as if it were a pinhole at distance S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} from the image plane (technically, the center of perspective of a rectilinear lens is at the center of its entrance pupil):[6]

The purpose of this test is to measure the horizontal and vertical FOV of a lens and sensor used in an imaging system, when the lens focal length or sensor size is not known (that is, when the calculation above is not immediately applicable). Although this is one typical method that the optics industry uses to measure the FOV, there exist many other possible methods.

Sep 3, 2019 — For example, imaging an object at 2 meters with a 50mm f/1.4 lens will have ~127mm (about 5 inches) in focus... 2.5" in front and 2.5" behind ...

For a given camera–subject distance, longer lenses magnify the subject more. For a given subject magnification (and thus different camera–subject distances), longer lenses appear to compress distance; wider lenses appear to expand the distance between objects.

For a lens projecting a rectilinear image (focused at infinity, see derivation), the angle of view (α) can be calculated from the chosen dimension (d), and effective focal length (f) as follows:[4] α = 2 arctan ⁡ d 2 f {\displaystyle \alpha =2\arctan {\frac {d}{2f}}}

A camera's angle of view depends not only on the lens, but also on the sensor. Digital sensors are usually smaller than 35 mm film, and this causes the lens to have a narrower angle of view than with 35 mm film, by a constant factor for each sensor (called the crop factor). In everyday digital cameras, the crop factor can range from around 1 (professional digital SLRs), to 1.6 (consumer SLR), to 2 (Micro Four Thirds ILC) to 6 (most compact cameras). So a standard 50 mm lens for 35 mm photography acts like a 50 mm standard "film" lens on a professional digital SLR, but would act closer to an 80 mm lens (1.6×50mm) on many mid-market DSLRs, and the 40-degree angle of view of a standard 50 mm lens on a film camera is equivalent to an 80 mm lens on many digital SLRs.

Cutting glass on a CNC machine doesn’t require any spectacularly specialist equipment. [Peter] is using an $800 Chinese mini CNC engraver for this project, but that’s not the only tool that was required. A fixture for holding a glass plate was also needed, but [Peter] quickly fabricated one out of acrylic.

While [Peter] isn’t getting the perfect finish [Ben] got a few years ago, he’s still milling holes and slots in glass. He’s wondering if it could be possible to mill an aspheric lens using this technique and a special spherical burr, something that would be very interesting to see, and could be a pretty good way to rough out telescope blanks.

I’m thinking it will then just chip at the middle and not the end. Also, aligning the coordinate systems can be a massive pain if it turns out that my fixture is not mounted perfectly aligned to the axes (it’s likely not).

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(In photography m {\displaystyle m} is usually defined to be positive, despite the inverted image.) For example, with a magnification ratio of 1:2, we find f = 1.5 ⋅ F {\displaystyle f=1.5\cdot F} and thus the angle of view is reduced by 33% compared to focusing on a distant object with the same lens.