The revised Water Protection Act, which came into effect on January 1, 2016, mandates for the elimination of micropollutants in wastewater. As a pioneering plant, ARA Neugut has been operating an ozone plant since 2014, where such micropollutants are successfully eliminated.

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A pivotal success factor is the unparalleled technical center at Doemens. It features an experimental brewery, a glass and PET bottling plant, teaching and testing facilities for beer and non-alcoholic beverage production, and food processing. This includes comprehensive laboratory facilities, now enhanced by the addition of LabScat2 with Sigrist technology, a feature that is sure to impress and intrigue.

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While optical activity usually results from the presence of chiral molecules, with a concentration difference between the two possible enantiometers, it can also be induced by a magnetic field in a substance which is not naturally optically active. That is called the Faraday effect, and is exploited in Faraday rotators and Faraday isolators.

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Jones vectors can be used only for fully defined polarization states, not for unpolarized or partially polarized beams (see below) having a stochastic nature.

Of course, the polarization can have any other direction perpendicular to the beam axis. Note that a rotation of the polarization by 180° does not lead to a physically distinct state.

Consulting and services: solutions from and for practice The close integration of theory and practice makes the training and advanced education programs unique in the food and beverage industry. It is no coincidence that the Doemens Academy is the market leader in the education of technical managers for industry and trade and also offers a wide range of seminars and consultations tailored to the industry. A pivotal success factor is the unparalleled technical center at Doemens. It features an experimental brewery, a glass and PET bottling plant, teaching and testing facilities for beer and non-alcoholic beverage production, and food processing. This includes comprehensive laboratory facilities, now enhanced by the addition of LabScat2 with Sigrist technology, a feature that is sure to impress and intrigue.

One distinguishes left and right circular polarization (see Figure 2). For example, left circular polarization means that the electric (and magnetic) field vector rotates in the left direction, seen in the direction of propagation. For an observer looking against the beam, the rotation of course has the opposite direction.

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There are also partially polarized states of light. These can be described with Stokes vectors (but not with Jones vectors). Further, one can define a degree of polarization which can be calculated from the Stokes vector and can vary between 0 (unpolarized) and 1 (fully polarized).

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Polarization of lightnotes PDF

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The degree of linear polarization is often quantified with the polarization extinction ratio (PER), defined as the ratio of optical powers in the two polarization directions. It is often specified in decibels, and measured by recording the orientation-dependent power transmission of a polarizer. Of course, the extinction ratio of the polarizer itself must be higher than that of the laser beam.

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There are cases where polychromatic light can be described with a single Jones vector, since all its frequency components have essentially the same polarization state. However, the polarization state is substantially frequency-dependent in other cases.

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The AquaScat 2 WTM turbidity meter measures the turbidity in the free-falling water jet and thus enables a high resolution and accurate measurement down to low turbidity values of 0.001 FNU.

In September 2016, after a period of use of 9 years, Mr. Werner Furrer, head of the Office for the Operation of National Roads (Switzerland), summarized their experience with the FireGuards as follows:

CAT installed the AquaScat 2 WTM from the Swiss company Sigrist-Photometer AG at the various measuring points of the treatment plant and the distribution network.

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Polarization ofelectromagnetic waves pdf

A circular polarization state can mathematically be obtained as a superposition of electric field oscillations in the vertical and horizontal direction, both with equal strength but a relative phase change of 90°. Effectively, this leads to a rapid rotation of the electric field vector – once per optical cycle – which maintains a constant magnitude.

If the oscillations of the horizontal and vertical electric field vector do not have the same strengths, one has the case of an elliptical polarization, where the electric field vector, projected to a plane perpendicular to the propagation direction, moves along an ellipse.

Since September 2007, a total of 210 Sigrist smoke detectors of the type FireGuard are in use in the Gotthard tunnel and its approach tunnels. Together with additional sensors such as linear fire alarm cables, flow measurement devices etc., the smoke detectors are the basis for the early detection of smoke and fire events.

Linearly polarized light can be depolarized (made unpolarized) with a polarization scrambler, which applies the mentioned random polarization changes, or at least quasi-random changes.

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About Doemens: Doemens was founded in 1895 by Albert Doemens. For over 100 years, the academy has been an internationally successful training, continuous education, and consulting company for the brewing, beverage, and food industry with a holistic and innovative approach. The combination of theory and practice is the focus in a unique way: employees from the field with a high level of expert knowledge, tailor-made offers for the needs of the various industries, and customer-specific, flexible solutions. Doemens has upheld an outstanding reputation for over a century, transcending national boundaries. It is a reliable and trustworthy familial institution with a vast network, a visionary, and an innovative trendsetter. The Doemensian circle symbolizes trust and reliability in the industry, instilling confidence in our partnership. Education: close integration of theoretical knowledge and practical specialization Gourmet Academy: the leading international training center for the enjoyment and marketing of beer, mineral water, and fruit juice Advanced training: tailored to the needs of the food and beverage industry Consulting and services: solutions from and for practice The close integration of theory and practice makes the training and advanced education programs unique in the food and beverage industry. It is no coincidence that the Doemens Academy is the market leader in the education of technical managers for industry and trade and also offers a wide range of seminars and consultations tailored to the industry. A pivotal success factor is the unparalleled technical center at Doemens. It features an experimental brewery, a glass and PET bottling plant, teaching and testing facilities for beer and non-alcoholic beverage production, and food processing. This includes comprehensive laboratory facilities, now enhanced by the addition of LabScat2 with Sigrist technology, a feature that is sure to impress and intrigue.

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A light beam is called unpolarized when the analysis with a polarizer results in 50% of the power to be in each polarization state, regardless of the rotational orientation. Microscopically, this usually means that the polarization state is randomly fluctuating, so that on average no polarization is detected. Note that such fluctuations are not possible for strictly monochromatic light.

I would have been glad to finally remove a serious mistake, but I believe my equations are correct. They agree with those in various textbooks and e.g. also in Wikipedia. Your argument concerning energy swapping back and forth between electric and magnetic fields looks somewhat plausible but is not accurate.

Fully polarized states can be associated with points on the so-called Poincaré sphere. Partially polarized states correspond to points inside that sphere; unpolarized light is represented by the point at its center.

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In the simplest case, a light beam is linearly polarized, which means that the electric field oscillates in a certain linear direction perpendicular to the beam axis, and the magnetic field oscillates in a direction which is perpendicular both to the propagation axis and the electric field direction. The direction of polarization is taken to be the direction of the electric field oscillations (i.e., not the magnetic ones). For example, a laser beam propagating in <$z$> direction may have the electric field oscillations in the vertical (<$y$>) direction and the magnetic field oscillations in the horizontal (<$x$>) direction (see Figure 1); it can be called vertically polarized or <$y$>-polarized. In a different perspective, this is also shown in the second part of Figure 2.

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Doemens was founded in 1895 by Albert Doemens. For over 100 years, the academy has been an internationally successful training, continuous education, and consulting company for the brewing, beverage, and food industry with a holistic and innovative approach. The combination of theory and practice is the focus in a unique way: employees from the field with a high level of expert knowledge, tailor-made offers for the needs of the various industries, and customer-specific, flexible solutions.

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Technological advances and optimizations have already made it possible to significantly reduce the energy requirement per hectolitre of beer. One example of such innovations are the Sigrist turbidity meters, which are used to monitor and control the brewing process. These devices are characterized by low power consumption, which has even been reduced by up to 50 % with the latest generation.

Advanced training: tailored to the needs of the food and beverage industry Consulting and services: solutions from and for practice The close integration of theory and practice makes the training and advanced education programs unique in the food and beverage industry. It is no coincidence that the Doemens Academy is the market leader in the education of technical managers for industry and trade and also offers a wide range of seminars and consultations tailored to the industry. A pivotal success factor is the unparalleled technical center at Doemens. It features an experimental brewery, a glass and PET bottling plant, teaching and testing facilities for beer and non-alcoholic beverage production, and food processing. This includes comprehensive laboratory facilities, now enhanced by the addition of LabScat2 with Sigrist technology, a feature that is sure to impress and intrigue.

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With this commitment, Sigrist will be proudly included in the prestigious Doemens Walk of Fame. As a partner for Doemens, Sigrist will be a symbol of innovation and high professional competence, a badge of honor for all future master brewers. About Doemens: Doemens was founded in 1895 by Albert Doemens. For over 100 years, the academy has been an internationally successful training, continuous education, and consulting company for the brewing, beverage, and food industry with a holistic and innovative approach. The combination of theory and practice is the focus in a unique way: employees from the field with a high level of expert knowledge, tailor-made offers for the needs of the various industries, and customer-specific, flexible solutions. Doemens has upheld an outstanding reputation for over a century, transcending national boundaries. It is a reliable and trustworthy familial institution with a vast network, a visionary, and an innovative trendsetter. The Doemensian circle symbolizes trust and reliability in the industry, instilling confidence in our partnership. Education: close integration of theoretical knowledge and practical specialization Gourmet Academy: the leading international training center for the enjoyment and marketing of beer, mineral water, and fruit juice Advanced training: tailored to the needs of the food and beverage industry Consulting and services: solutions from and for practice The close integration of theory and practice makes the training and advanced education programs unique in the food and beverage industry. It is no coincidence that the Doemens Academy is the market leader in the education of technical managers for industry and trade and also offers a wide range of seminars and consultations tailored to the industry. A pivotal success factor is the unparalleled technical center at Doemens. It features an experimental brewery, a glass and PET bottling plant, teaching and testing facilities for beer and non-alcoholic beverage production, and food processing. This includes comprehensive laboratory facilities, now enhanced by the addition of LabScat2 with Sigrist technology, a feature that is sure to impress and intrigue.

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On July 30, 2024, Thomas Mayr and Urs Imholz, representing Sigrist-Photometer, handed over a LabScat 2 measuring device to the leading training institute Doemens in Munich for the use in training and advanced education of future master brewers. With this commitment, Sigrist-Photometer is not just a donor, but an active partner, supporting future-oriented training and advanced education for specialists in the beverage industry. With this commitment, Sigrist will be proudly included in the prestigious Doemens Walk of Fame. As a partner for Doemens, Sigrist will be a symbol of innovation and high professional competence, a badge of honor for all future master brewers. About Doemens: Doemens was founded in 1895 by Albert Doemens. For over 100 years, the academy has been an internationally successful training, continuous education, and consulting company for the brewing, beverage, and food industry with a holistic and innovative approach. The combination of theory and practice is the focus in a unique way: employees from the field with a high level of expert knowledge, tailor-made offers for the needs of the various industries, and customer-specific, flexible solutions. Doemens has upheld an outstanding reputation for over a century, transcending national boundaries. It is a reliable and trustworthy familial institution with a vast network, a visionary, and an innovative trendsetter. The Doemensian circle symbolizes trust and reliability in the industry, instilling confidence in our partnership. Education: close integration of theoretical knowledge and practical specialization Gourmet Academy: the leading international training center for the enjoyment and marketing of beer, mineral water, and fruit juice Advanced training: tailored to the needs of the food and beverage industry Consulting and services: solutions from and for practice The close integration of theory and practice makes the training and advanced education programs unique in the food and beverage industry. It is no coincidence that the Doemens Academy is the market leader in the education of technical managers for industry and trade and also offers a wide range of seminars and consultations tailored to the industry. A pivotal success factor is the unparalleled technical center at Doemens. It features an experimental brewery, a glass and PET bottling plant, teaching and testing facilities for beer and non-alcoholic beverage production, and food processing. This includes comprehensive laboratory facilities, now enhanced by the addition of LabScat2 with Sigrist technology, a feature that is sure to impress and intrigue.

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Note that radial or azimuthal polarization state requires a zero electric field strength and thus also a vanishing optical intensity on the beam axis; it is not compatible with a Gaussian beam, for example. Radially polarized beams frequently exhibit a kind of donut profile.

The installed ColorPlus 2 system ensures continuous measurement of UV absorbance at 254nm before and after the ozone reactor. This enables ARA Neugut to monitor the elimination performance and thus add ozone as needed. Additionally, the ColorPlus 2 system also performs an automatic cleaning every 3 to 4 hours to prevent biofilm growth and guarantee reliable measured values at all times.

Your first plot shows the magnetic and electric field in phase – which is wrong. The magnetic field is made from the changing electric field. The two fields swap energy back and forth. Hence the magnetic field is at a maximum when the electric field has the largest rate of change, that is, at zero E field. The magnetic field zeros in strength when the electric field rate of change is zero, at it's peak. These are a simple consequence of Maxwell's Equations and is covered in most any text on E&M. The worst error I have found in years of use of your marvelous resource!

The close integration of theory and practice makes the training and advanced education programs unique in the food and beverage industry. It is no coincidence that the Doemens Academy is the market leader in the education of technical managers for industry and trade and also offers a wide range of seminars and consultations tailored to the industry. A pivotal success factor is the unparalleled technical center at Doemens. It features an experimental brewery, a glass and PET bottling plant, teaching and testing facilities for beer and non-alcoholic beverage production, and food processing. This includes comprehensive laboratory facilities, now enhanced by the addition of LabScat2 with Sigrist technology, a feature that is sure to impress and intrigue.

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On the other hand, the polarization state of the laser output can be disturbed e.g. by random (and temperature-dependent) birefringence, such as occurs e.g. in optical fibers (if they are not polarization-maintaining or single-polarization fibers) and also in laser crystals or glasses as a result of thermal effects (→ depolarization loss). If the laser gain is not polarization-dependent, small drifts of the birefringence may lead to large changes of the polarization state, and also a significant variation in the polarization state across the beam profile.

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However, the real advantage of Sigrist devices lies not only in their low energy consumption, but also in their ability to shorten the fermentation time. Reducing the fermentation time by 1 to 2 days can reduce energy consumption by up to 10 % and prepare the equipment for the next brew more quickly. This not only leads to energy savings, but also to increased capacity and improved beer quality.

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Sigrist-Photometer AG Hofurlistrasse 1 CH-6373 Ennetbürgen Telephone: +41 41 624 54 45 E-mail: [email protected]

The close integration of theory and practice makes the training and advanced education programs unique in the food and beverage industry. It is no coincidence that the Doemens Academy is the market leader in the education of technical managers for industry and trade and also offers a wide range of seminars and consultations tailored to the industry. A pivotal success factor is the unparalleled technical center at Doemens. It features an experimental brewery, a glass and PET bottling plant, teaching and testing facilities for beer and non-alcoholic beverage production, and food processing. This includes comprehensive laboratory facilities, now enhanced by the addition of LabScat2 with Sigrist technology, a feature that is sure to impress and intrigue.

»Due to the high resolution (0.001 FNU) allowing early detection of changes in water quality, low maintenance and easy calibration, the Sigrist turbidimeter turned out to be the measuring device we were looking for our water supply.«

Polarization of the lightmeaning

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Unpolarizedlight

Doemens has upheld an outstanding reputation for over a century, transcending national boundaries. It is a reliable and trustworthy familial institution with a vast network, a visionary, and an innovative trendsetter. The Doemensian circle symbolizes trust and reliability in the industry, instilling confidence in our partnership. Education: close integration of theoretical knowledge and practical specialization Gourmet Academy: the leading international training center for the enjoyment and marketing of beer, mineral water, and fruit juice Advanced training: tailored to the needs of the food and beverage industry Consulting and services: solutions from and for practice The close integration of theory and practice makes the training and advanced education programs unique in the food and beverage industry. It is no coincidence that the Doemens Academy is the market leader in the education of technical managers for industry and trade and also offers a wide range of seminars and consultations tailored to the industry. A pivotal success factor is the unparalleled technical center at Doemens. It features an experimental brewery, a glass and PET bottling plant, teaching and testing facilities for beer and non-alcoholic beverage production, and food processing. This includes comprehensive laboratory facilities, now enhanced by the addition of LabScat2 with Sigrist technology, a feature that is sure to impress and intrigue.

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Saving energy is becoming more and more important, especially in sectors with high energy consumption such as the brewing industry. In view of rising energy prices, breweries are looking for ways to reduce consumption, especially in the area of cooling in the fermenting cellar, which can account for up to 40 % of total energy requirements.

The polarization state of monochromatic light is often described with a Jones vector, having complex electric field amplitudes for <$x$> and <$y$> direction, if propagation occurs in <$z$> direction. That Jones vector may be constant over some area across the beam, or it may vary, for example for a radially polarized beam (see above). The effect of optical elements such as waveplates, polarizers and Faraday rotators can be described with Jones matrices, with which the Jones vectors can be transformed by multiplication. (One assumes a linear relationship between input and output amplitudes.) A whole sequence of such optical elements can be described with a single Jones matrix, which is obtained as the product of the matrices corresponding to the components.

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Circularpolarization

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Note that a very small gain or loss difference for the two polarization directions can be sufficient for obtaining a stable linear polarization, provided that there is no significant coupling of polarization modes within the laser resonator.

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In many respects, light can be described as a wave phenomenon (→ wave optics). More specifically, light waves are recognized as electromagnetic transverse waves, i.e., with transverse oscillations of the electric and magnetic field.

Polarized and unpolarizedlight

There are also azimuthally polarized beams, where the electric field direction at any point is tangential, i.e., perpendicular to a line through the point and the beam axis.

The polarization state of light often matters when light hits an optical surface under some angle. A linear polarization state is then denoted as p polarization when the polarization direction lies in the plane spanned by the incoming beam and the reflected beam. The polarization with a direction perpendicular to that is called s polarization. These indications have a German origin: s = senkrecht = perpendicular, p = parallel.

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In times of rising energy costs, it is crucial that breweries continue to look for efficient solutions to operate more sustainably while maintaining or even improving the quality of their products.

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Polarization of the lightexamples

Sigrist-Photometer AG Hofurlistrasse 1 CH-6373 Ennetbürgen Telephone: +41 41 624 54 45 E-mail: [email protected]

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A radially polarized laser beam may be generated from a linearly polarized beam with some optical element, but it is also possible to obtain radially polarized emission directly from a laser. The advantage of this approach, applied in a solid-state bulk laser, is that depolarization loss may be avoided [4]. Furthermore, there are applications benefiting from radially polarized light.

As explained above, a waveplate or other birefringent optical element may rotate the direction of linear polarization, but more generally one will obtain an elliptical polarization state after such an element. True polarization rotation, where a linear polarization state is always maintained (just with variable direction), can occur in the form of optical activity. Some optically active substances such as ordinary sugar (saccharose) can produce substantial rotation angles already within e.g. a few millimeters of propagation length. Optical activity can be accurately measured with polarimeters.

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In the previous cases, the direction of the electric field vector was assumed to be constant over the full beam profile. However, there are light beams where that is not the case. For example, there are beams with radial polarization, where the polarization at any point on the beam profile is oriented in the radial direction, i.e., away from the beam axis.

Polarization of the lightin physics

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The latest European Directive 2020/2184 established turbidity as a basic control parameter for the quality of drinking water. In anticipation of the new regulations, the Sigrist distribution partner in Spain, teqma, has worked with the Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona (CAT), the water consortium of the city of Tarragona, to renew its turbidimeters. Tarragona is in the province of Tarragona with 860,000 inhabitants.

Sigrist-Photometer AG Hofurlistrasse 1 CH-6373 Ennetbürgen Telephone: +41 41 624 54 45 E-mail: [email protected]