Marrapu participated in ACSL national competitions, winning many of them. She learned to code in the fourth and fifth grades, she says, becoming Java- and Python-certified.

Before creating her automated pill-tracking tool, Marrapu conducted market research. She found that similar devices were expensive, some charging a high monthly subscription plan of almost US $100—which puts them out of reach for many people.

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Examining the board images more closely, we notice a hole in the upper portion of the board. Comparing this to the 880 nm IR image, see how the red (shorter wavelength) light was so bright it bloomed the hole edges. Taking this into consideration, we can conclude that despite the camera being more sensitive to the red light, the IR light clearly penetrated the board better.

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It is important to note that part color has a different effect on contrast levels depending on whether we are inspecting opaque or semi-transparent objects.  In the case of opaque objects, we are inspecting with reflected light rather than transmitted light (backlighting), so wavelength-specific color contrast is very important.  When backlighting semi-transparent parts, color typically plays a minor role in wavelength-specific differential light transmission through an object, whereas the material’s composition, internal structure, and/or texture are significantly more influential in this regard.

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Through partnerships with organizations including the Maryland STEM Festival, the Washington Academy of Sciences, and the Cyber & Steam Global Innovation Alliance, STEMify has reached some 4 million students, she says.

“I want to be a changemaker in society and make a meaningful difference in people’s lives,” she says. “I firmly believe that by combining the power of health care and technology, we can address some of the most pressing challenges faced by individuals and communities worldwide.”

Additionally, component placement geometry imposes restrictions when parts are moving on a conveyor line, especially if a backlight cannot be inserted into the conveyor where the product is effectively being “pushed” over the flush-lighting surface (Figure 1a). Most of these machine vision applications require only a silhouette, effectively generating instant contrast (commonly referred to as white background-black part) where it’s expected that light does not penetrate the part (See Figure 1b).

She began competing in science, technology, engineering, and math competitions at age 4. She participated in the First Lego League, an international robotics competition for children in grades 1 through 8. She went on to enter American Computer Science League competitions for students in grades 1 through 12.

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Another common backlighting application is verifying fluid fill-level in bottles. In this example, a colored glass bottle contains clear cologne. If we backlight with red, the most common color, we see that the light does not penetrate the bottle (Figure 6a).  Based on the general assumption that a longer wavelength light penetrates better, we switch to IR 880 nm light; notice it still does not penetrate the bottle and its contents (Figure 6b).  For the sake of completeness, we attempt blue, the shortest wavelength light; interestingly, it penetrates the bottle and contents well enough to verify the liquid fill height (Figure 6c)

Another app feature lets users give the reason why they’ve stopped taking a particular medication, such as side effects or financial issues. The app can provide recommendations such as ways to remedy the side effects, or it could suggest a generic alternative. It also notifies the medical professional or caretaker.

By incorporating those three ways for the patient to be reminded, the device can alert those who are hearing-impaired or visually impaired as well.

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She launched a nonprofit, STEMifyGirls, that same year to empower young women to enter STEM fields. The organization offers hands-on activities, competitions, and resources to help students become interested in STEM fields and acquire new skills.

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“I’ve always had a lot of support from my family and community to pursue whatever interests me, but I know that not everyone has the same resources that I had,” she says. “I wanted to provide young girls with the same opportunities.”

“I set out to create something everyone could use regardless of socioeconomic background,” she says. “Health care has so many challenges that can be solved using simple, inexpensive technology. Why can’t we make biomedical devices that are both affordable and functional?”

Marrapu developed an app to accompany the device. It allows the user to scan the bar code on the prescription bottle, which then autofills usage information about the prescription, including how many pills are to be taken and how often. When it’s time to take the medication, not only will the bottle light up and buzz; users also are notified on their phone.

With this information in mind, it is useful to remember there is a direct correlation between light wavelength and penetration ability; hence, for the same material, the longer wavelength light in backlighting applications – such as red or IR – may penetrate more deeply than blue, for example.

It was during a trip to India visiting family while in the seventh grade that she found her passion for biomedical engineering. At a charitable trust run by a family friend, Marrapu witnessed patients who were receiving prosthetic limbs at no cost. The friend showed her the artificial limbs, and Marrapu noticed they didn’t have functionality.

Marrapu grew up in a family and community where many of the adults worked in technical fields. Her parents both have jobs in information technology.

The app also lists certain foods the patient should avoid, depending on the medication. Grapefruit, kale, cured meats, and other foods can affect the way some medicines work in the body.

Archishma Marrapu received the Washington Academy of Science's 2023 Student Achievement Award at the George Washington National Masonic Memorial in Washington, D.C. earlier this year.

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In this example, we used BL040401-660 (Red) and BL040401-880 (Near IR) surface mount backlights on a semi-transparent, populated PCB (Figs. 4a and 4b, respectively) to test how well each wavelength penetrated the material.  We see that the 880 nm IR light better defines the traces in the board than the 660 nm Red light. However, how do we know that the IR light wasn’t just more intense with respect to the camera – or even that the camera was more sensitive to IR light?

In machine vision, backlighting is one of the most common and useful lighting techniques.  It’s typically used for parts presence/absence, gauging, and orientation/location, particularly when coupled with pick-and-place or vision-guided robotics applications. However, incorporating backlighting into machine vision systems can be difficult, primarily because component placement geometry requires access to the part top and bottom (or front and back) for the camera and backlight.

The pill-tracking device has a pattern-analysis algorithm that aims to help prevent prescription drug misuse. The algorithm tracks how many pills were dispensed “on demand” by the user. It can be done when, for example, the patient drops a pill on the floor and needs to dispense another to replace it. The pattern analysis identifies when someone is taking more medication than the doctor prescribed and notifies the doctor or a caretaker.

Figure 2b illustrates a small, cotton eye pad in its sealed, sterile paper wrapper; in this example, the vision system can quickly verify presence/absence, while gauging approximate size and shape parameters to verify the correct pad is wrapped. Compare this image with that in Figure 2c where no pad was inserted. Finally, in Figure 2d, we can see the result of more than one pad in the wrap. Note that in this application, backlight uniformity is less important than having sufficient light intensity to penetrate the object of interest and its packaging.

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The number of pills taken and the time of dosage is then recorded on the app. If the medication is not dispensed at the scheduled time after repeat reminders, the app automatically notifies the designated medical professional or caretaker.

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“This helped the evolution of my product,” Marrapu says. “There was feedback, for example, from those with arthritis, or elderly people who had a difficult time pressing the button. Meeting with pharmacists, I got the idea to incorporate touch ID and voice recognition in the next iteration to make it simpler to dispense medication.”

To take the medication, the user pushes a button on the bottle lid; the prescribed pills are dispensed from an opening at the bottom. The lid is for design purposes only, to replicate the look and feel of ordinary prescription bottles.

Executives at CVS’ Digital Innovation Lab said they were impressed by Marrapu’s device. Together they are partnering on next steps to ensure the next version is more convenient and inclusive.

Hands-on learning prepares students for the real world more effectively than textbooks or classroom learning, Marrapu says, and she wants to provide that experience to as many girls and young women as she can.

A similar penetration trend can be observed in inspecting an incandescent light bulb filament.  A series of images taken with 470 nm blue, 660 nm red, and 880 nm IR back lights (Figures 5a, 5b, 5c respectively) illustrate this point.  Blue light does not penetrate the light bulb glass and diffuser coatings; the red light shows some filament detail; and ultimately, the IR light clearly produces the most useful inspection detail.

Marrapu presented a poster on her invention at this year’s IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference at Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory, in Laurel, Md. She received the IEEE Technical Excellence Award.

Some of Marrapu’s longer-term plans are to launch a startup to bring the product to market and to develop more affordable biomedical devices.

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When Marrapu returned to school that year, she built her first biomedical device: an AI-powered prosthetic hand. Made from inexpensive electronics and 3D-printed parts, it offered the user a range of motion and gripping capabilities. She then donated some to the trust.

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Is having sufficient intensity the only solution when looking to penetrate materials in backlighting applications?  If we consider the visible and near-visible light spectrum (Figure 3), we see that white, or human-visible light, ranges from 400 nm to about 700 nm in wavelength. UV light ranges from 400 nm down to about 200 nm, and IR light ranges from 700 nm up.

Marrapu first pitched her device to CVS executives in February. She also visited pharmacies in her area to interview pharmacists and customers.

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Keeping in mind the varying impacts that wavelength and intensity from backlights can have on your inspection system, it can be difficult to know exactly what lighting solution is best for your application.  Our team of experts at Ai are here to work through your challenges with you – and are committed to helping you find the most accurate solution for your machine vision needs.  Contact us today to assist you in your backlighting application!

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A common backlighting application in the pharmaceuticals industry is to verify the presence of bandages, pads, or gauze materials after being wrapped in their sterile packages.  Because both the inserted objects and their packaging are soft and often semi-transparent, we can readily inspect for presence/absence with a standard backlight (Figure 2a).

Marrapu, a student at the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, in Alexandria, Va., came up with the idea last summer after seeing her grandfather struggle to remember to take life-saving medications at specific times each day. She set out to create a device that would help him and millions of other people manage their medications effectively. Her 3D-printed prescription bottles are equipped with ultrasonic sensors, which keep track of the pills dispensed. The accompanying mobile app is programmed with a host of features including AI pattern analysis to detect skipped doses and misuse, as well as ChatGPT to provide information to users, such as ways to mitigate side effects.

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However, there are variations on the black-white silhouette theme – namely those applications requiring the light to differentially penetrate portions of the part.  This could include applications that require locating a solid object of different composition or texture within another object, or identifying a liquid level in a package, for example. In this blog post, we will concentrate on differential backlight penetration and illustrate varying examples of where and why different wavelengths may be useful.

By switching to Marrapu’s tracker from traditional prescription bottles, pharmacies could improve medication adherence, preventing intensified medical conditions and reducing the number of deaths—currently about 125,000 annually—due to forgetting to take a prescribed drug or misusing it, according to the World Health Organization.

Great innovative thinking and follow up. Now one of us needs to design one that allows their mail order fulfillment to track what temperatures sensitive prescriptions have been exposed to during shipping to the patients mailbox.

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After several iterations, Marrapu landed on a design similar to the prescription bottle pharmacies use today, only integrated with AI and other components that she built and programmed herself.

High school student Archishma Marrapu has made significant strides in the field of biomedical engineering. Her desire to use her technical skills to help others led her to develop low-cost innovations including an automated pill-tracking device that reminds patients to take their medications. Her Project Pill Tracker has caught the attention of major pharmaceutical companies including CVS, a large U.S. pharmacy chain.

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