I use the following tools for training and communicating with your dog. (Training collars and leads are only used in training sessions and are never left on the dog!)

In such a situation, you won't be dealing with birds trying to hover in mid air and fight each other so much as swooping each other from above (falling maximises speed and therefore momentum) or at the very least, trying to get around the opponent to strike a weak point. Most aerial bird fights are dogfights, not melee actions.

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I use toys and play to the best of my ability with your dog to help motivate them to want to learn. This is also a way for me to bond with your dog and to foster our relationship. (Some dogs don’t have a strong play drive so I do my best to bring that out of them and use it in the training program).

The prong collar works on the concept that evenly applied pressure is gentler and more effective on a dog's neck than the quick jerk and impact of a choke chain or the steady, relentless pressure of a flat collar. When correctly fitted and used, it is only a fraction of the pressure dogs use with one another. Prong collars can be used with the subtlest of pressure and are incredibly effective. Prong collars are used on all dogs that do not respond well to gentle leash pressure.

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Of course, it's important to point out that birds fight this way because they are in a gravity well and their wings are designed to interact with the air in a manner that supports their mode of flight and their ability to turn quickly in the atmosphere. In a zero gravity environment, birds would be as lost as we would be in terms of their instinctive fighting techniques.

Of course, to maximise the benefit of that impact however, you want that impact to inflict the most damage and that means razor sharp beaks and claws, effectively working like daggers. These require only a small amount of momentum to do piercing damage, thus wringing every drop of damage out of the momentum they are capable of building up.

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How I use the E-Collar:  The Educator E-Collar can be gradually increased in intensity by 1 digit increments so I am able to fine tune it to the lowest level needed for your dog's learning. When I tap the remote button, the collar delivers a ‘tingle’ or ‘pulse’ to the dog, similar to the feel of a tens unit which is used for muscle therapy on people. Contrary to popular belief it DOES NOT send an electric shock to your dog or ‘burn’ your dog. They also have a ‘vibrate/pager’ feature, which feels like a cell phone vibration, which can be used to call your dog back to you from far distances, or can be used to get the attention of deaf dogs. HIGH LEVEL stimulation (shock) may be used to help stop very serious unwanted behaviors, which if not addressed, may lead a dog to death or euthanasia. High levels may be used on dogs that have displayed dog-aggression with the intent to seriously harm/kill, intense human-aggression, or car chasing. It is also used to train a dog to avoid snake bites. High level stimulation is rarely used here at Lead Off Leash K9 Training. You will be notified at the consultation if there is the possibility of it being used during your dog's stay.

In an answer about Martial Arts in microgravity I spoke about hold techniques, and if you're talking about unarmed low gravity combat, I still maintain this is the best solution.

EDIT TO CLARIFY: My question is about how one would fight without a solid footing; this other question is about how one would avoid/limit damage during aerial combat.

In an aerial environment however, it is better to look at birds as your closest analogue. Hunting birds have two traits that make them successful in that regard; speed and sharp talons & beaks.

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Ultimately, momentum (which is going to have the greatest impact on your enemy) is made up of two components - mass and velocity. Birds are low in mass by design, although birds like eagles and falcons are larger than the prey they hunt, but for combat purposes the way they increase the impact of their collision with each other is through speed. The faster you're going, the more impact your existing mass will have on your opponent.

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There are so many benefits to this tool when it is used properly. Contemporary e-collar training utilizes the softest, most gentle remote communication. The e-collars of today are nothing like those of the old days. They are one of the most humane and effective approaches to dog training available today. This special tool will help you deliver consistent and fair feedback and communication, as well as it gives each family member the same ability to handle the dog. The e-collar evens out the playing field so that you don't have to be the dog behavior expert. It's much easier to learn the mechanics of an e-collar compared with mastering proper leash handling skills and subtleties. Also, a dog trained on an e-collar knows that you can communicate, control, and affect them even at a distance. E-collars give you 100% reliability and affect the state of mind of the dog even from afar. This tool also gives people who have certain physical disabilities the opportunity to handle their dog. Some dogs have spinal problems so severe that no pressure should ever be put on them; these are often dogs who would benefit more from the judicious use of an electronic collar, which uses no overt physical force at all. There is also a vibration setting that can successfully bridge communication between owners and their deaf dogs. During the One-on-One Advanced Program, I will teach you how to introduce the e-collar to your dog with confidence and accuracy so your dog will be excited to work with you. During the Board-and-Train programs, I will train your dog to be off-leash using the e-collar and then teach you how to effectively use it at the go-home session for continued success.

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Knives will be incredibly important in these environments, as they would be in any grappling environment. Anything to let you focus the force that you can actually apply will be crucial.

The reality is that we have spent thousands of hours refining our melee combat skills, and we still disagree on what the best approaches are. So expect a wide variety of things. But most importantly, this means that one will always have to adapt to the strategies around it. This is always true, but when we're exploring new territory, it's doubly important.

To that end, the answer above should be read as how winged creatures in a full gravity environment would fight; the linked answer would still hold valid (wings or not) for those fighting hand to hand in a zero gravity or micro-gravity environment.

I think the most effective would be wrestling, grappling and pinning techniques. While its true that a lot of them would require gravity to help assist in holding these techniques would be more suited to close quarters combat where you are basically holding or in constant contact with your opponent.

Depending on your dogs motivation level or the issues they arrive with, I may use healthy and high value treats to help with their motivation to learn. However, your dog WILL NOT leave here relying on food to get them to obey.

The real key to melee combat will be holding your opponent so you can apply force. Hockey enforcers figure out really quickly that you have to hold your opponent in order to do any real damage while on ice. This flying environment is no different. Any art which relies on holding the opponent and using their body against them will do well in this environment.

Other than that, it's worth noting that flying opens us a curious blurry region between ranged fighting and melee fighting. It is possible for you to become the projectile. This opens up a whole new set of options, such as extremely brutal grabs of sensitive areas like throats at high velocity. An individual trained in Tiger Claw Kung Fu can already rip a windpipe out if given the chance. I'm sure they'd love an extra 20m/s to do it with.

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Given that melee combat usually requires that one have at least a semisolid footing in order to be able to exert significant force against one's opponent (instead of merely pushing the two combatants apart), what would be effective strategies for melee combat between flying opponents (winged and/or floating)?

I use long lines (30 foot leashes) to transition to off-leash relability. For flight risk dogs, I use top of the line GPS tracking collars.

All that being said, the strategy for fighting will remain the same thing as it has been for the last few hundred thousand years: find the opponent's weakness, exploit it. Find your opponent's strength, avoid it. Find your strength, use it. Find your weakness, keep it from the opponent. Take any particular variant of aerial fighting (organic wings, synthetic wings, rocket packs, zero gee, etc), and apply that fundamental pattern, and you will find the real strategy.

FURTHER EDIT: Given this other other question, I'm removing the part about combat in microgravity and opting to focus this question exclusively on aerial melee combat in the presence of gravity.

If gaining momentum is not yet possible, hovering while punching and kicking would be reliable, but there would be little force behind the strikes. I can imagine using wings to create the thrust needed to spin, thus making spinning kicks possible.

Your strikes would propel you further to your opponent. To work around it, you can grab your opponent as you punch or kick. One striking martial arts comes to mind when it comes to clinching. Muay Thai.

The nylon slip lead is used to give a dog quick, effective feedback to stop an unwanted behavior and/or to guide a dog using gentle leash pressure into the command I am training them to do (i.e. heel, place, down, etc.). It is NOT used to pull the dog, choke the dog, or cause harm or injury to the dog.  It is used to interrupt and correct unwanted behaviors so we can redirect to a wanted behavior. Slip leads are only used on dogs that respond well to gentle leash pressure.

Winged combat would usually be about gaining momentum and striking the other. Gaining momentum upward using wings will be difficult due to gravity, so it would be a race to be higher. When a good elevation vs your opponent is gained, it will be about creating downward thrust, and delivering that gravity-assisted kick. Kicks from above would expose less of your body, thus giving less chance to counterattack during the attack. After the attack, however, would be a different matter. Once dodged, the downward momentum would give counter punch, knee strikes, elbow strikes or kicks will deliver destructive force.