3. Secondary Containment Requirements: Understand regulations regarding secondary containment and select a tank size that fits within containment guidelines.

As one would expect the TASER 10 is IP 67-rated, which means it’s waterproof and dustproof (aka cop-proof!). The RMA rate (Return Merchandise Authorization) is expected to be less than 1%. Axon worked with the Department of Justice, the National Institute of Justice, the African American Organization of Mayors and the International Association of Chiefs of Police among others during their development of the TASER 10. That collaboration, decades of research and experience, and innovation in technology have led to what may be the most effective less-lethal weapon in history.

sulphuricacid中文

The production, transport and usage of sulphuric acid is extremely hazardous and demands enhanced measures of precaution because the consequences of accidents can be catastrophic. Producers and users of this highly corrosive chemical must take appropriate steps for transport and storage to mitigate the potential risks. The corrosivity of sulphuric acid varies significantly under different concentrations and metallic contamination.

The test subjects found the TASER 10 easier and more intuitive to use than a firearm due to the lack of recoil and stress over the consequences arising from a miss. Every bullet fired hits something and is much less forgiving than a TASER probe. Users’ heart rates were found to be about 15 beats per second slower using the TASER 10 in high-stress testing than when they were using simulated firearms.

In general, bulk sulphuric acid at 88%- 99.5% concentrations can be stored and transported using carbon steel if fluid velocity does not exceed 0.61 meters per second. 316L can be used to make transfer pipes when the velocity limit is exceeded, it is, however, not recommended for H2SO4 at concentrations lower than 85%.

Don’t misunderstand me. Neither Axon nor I am saying firearms will not always have a place in law enforcement. I would never consider any less lethal tool against a firearm or any immediate close-quarters threat. Any less lethal tool should not be used in a lethal force situation without lethal force backup and all department policies should be strictly followed.

Alloy 316L. Is a chromium-nickel-molybdenum austenitic stainless steel. Generally resistant to strong sulphuric acid at ambient temperature and resists erosion-corrosion. Corrosion resistance is good in the absence of abrasive particles.

Legacy TASERs have always been 50,000-volt weapons. I’ve even heard officers verbalize that fact to suspects in hopes of pre-employment de-escalation. The TASER 10 needs only 1,000 volts to accomplish the same mission. This allows for a smaller wire, smaller cartridges, more accurate travel and up to 45 feet of effective range. The only caveat is that the probes must pierce the skin as the energy can’t arc through clothing.

Nitricacid

3. Exposure Routes: Determine the primary routes of exposure, such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, and assess the likelihood and severity of exposure through each route.

The pH of sulfuric acid plays a significant role in its chemical reactions and applications. In industrial settings, it is often used in processes such as metal etching, fertiliser production, and petroleum refining. Understanding and controlling sulphuric acid pH is crucial for ensuring the efficiency and safety of these processes.

Care is needed with very concentrated, (98-100%), acid at higher temperatures as any slight changes to the conditions, for example, the high concentration falling by dilution or increases in velocity or reductions in oxidising conditions, can affect the corrosion resistance anticipated. Also, the presence of chlorides in sulphuric acid can be an additional hazard. Hydrochloric acid, (HCl), can be liberated from sodium chloride by sulphuric acid, depending on the temperature, making the mixture more aggressive.

Hastelloy® is a registered trademark of Haynes International Inc. Zeron® is a registered trademark of Rolled Alloys Inc. AL-6XN® is a registered trademark of Allegheny Ludlum Corporation.

Sulphuric acidformula

Strength and Durability: The tank should be strong and durable enough to withstand the weight of the sulfuric acid and any external factors, such as temperature fluctuations or physical impacts.

7. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that your sulphuric acid risk assessment and safety measures comply with relevant regulations and guidelines for handling and storing sulfuric acid.

Duplex Stainless Steels. Contain a mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite – usually in a 50/50, but occasionally a 60/40 ratio. They tend to have higher chromium and molybdenum with lower nickel contents than austenitic stainless steel. They are used to store sulphuric acid at mild concentrations strictly limited to temperatures up to 60°C.

AL-6XN®. Super austenitic nickel-chromium-molybdenum-nitrogen grade for storing H2SO4 at lower concentrations up to 70%. Especially chosen over alloy 20 when the level of chloride contamination exceeds 5,000 ppm.

6. Emergency Response: Develop and implement an emergency response plan to address potential incidents involving sulfuric acid, including spill containment, evacuation procedures, and medical treatment protocols.

Useful Links: https://bssa.org.uk/bssa_articles/selection-of-stainless-steels-for-handling-sulphuric-acid-h2so4/ https://nickelinstitute.org/media/4122/alloy-selection-for-service-in-sulphuric-acid-10057.pdf

Law enforcement doesn’t use lethal force because it’s lethal; lethal force is simply and unfortunately the most reliable way to protect the public and officers from an immediate deadly threat. Consider, however, a disturbed individual with a boxcutter 40 feet away. We’ve all heard of the “21-foot principle” (that an attacker can close on and attack an officer with an edged weapon before he or she can draw and fire from seven yards away). Force Science Institute estimates that distance at a much more disturbing 31 feet. The TASER 10’s ability to effectively deploy at 45 feet (where 80% of officer-involved shootings occur) means officers will have more time and options in similar situations.

4. Tank Costs: Compare the upfront costs of different-sized tanks to your budget and choose a size that offers the best balance of cost and functionality.

Conducting a comprehensive sulphuric acid risk assessment is crucial to ensure the safety of individuals and the environment. The following factors should be considered:

1. Current and Future Volume: Estimate your current and future sulfuric acid usage to choose a tank size that accommodates your needs for at least 3-5 years.

Choosing the correct alloy for your sulfuric acid storage tanks is essential, as it influences corrosion resistance, longevity, and risk mitigation. Let NeoNickel guide you in selecting the best nickel alloy for your requirements. Reach out to us for technical support, sales enquiries, and more.

The TASER 10 uses only 1000 volts to allow for 10 probes in the same compact package as previous models and extend the effective range to 45 feet.

2. Filling Frequency: Consider how often you want to refill the tank and choose a size that aligns with your desired refill frequency.

Dilutesulphuric acidformula

5. Safety Measures: Implement appropriate safety measures to control and mitigate risks, including engineering controls (such as ventilation systems and secondary containment), administrative controls (such as standard operating procedures and training), and personal protective equipment (such as gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection).

Alloy Hastelloy® B-2. A nickel-molybdenum grade alloy widely used up to 70% concentration at boiling temperatures and 99% + concentrations to about 120°C.

Axon has fielded its TASER 10 to seven U.S. agencies and two international agencies for the past several months, who racked up 10 deployments with a 100% success rate. The company has conducted 400 voluntary test deployments and has trained 500 officers. That’s a small sample size, but after extensive testing, Axon believes the TASER 10 will be over 95% successful. There were over 25 successful de-escalations from the spooky charge-up sound the T10 makes. It reminds me of the sound you hear on TV and in movies right before emergency room personnel use a defibrillator.

Determining the correct tank size for storing sulfuric acid is essential for efficient and cost-effective storage. Several factors should be considered to ensure the tank meets your needs effectively:

Axon took an interesting approach to accuracy testing. An adult male thigh is about 6" x 10". The company used that for a target base. The test group was a large number of officers and citizens with vastly different skill levels in both TASERs and firearms. The results were a greater than 90% hit rate at 15 feet and a greater than 70% hit rate at 33 feet. That is nearly as precise as their legacy weapons at three times the distance.

The response of most stainless steel types is that in general they are resistant at either low or high concentrations but are attacked at intermediate concentrations. Moreover, in the presence of oxygen the corrosion rate of stainless steels can drastically increase.

Design and Construction: Consider factors such as tank design, thickness, and construction to ensure that the tank is suitable for the intended storage conditions and complies with relevant regulations and standards.

Phosphoricacid

Ventilation: Proper ventilation is essential to prevent the buildup of hazardous fumes or pressure inside the tank, which could pose safety risks.

4. Risk Factors: Consider factors that may increase the risk of exposure, such as the volume of sulfuric acid stored, the frequency of handling, and the presence of incompatible materials nearby.

Alloy 904L. A nickel-chromium-Molybdenum grade with the addition of copper. This steel was specifically developed for sulphuric acid use and can be used across the whole concentration range up to 35°C.

Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) is the most widely used mineral acid in the world, and possibly one of the most important and strategic raw materials.

Chemical Compatibility: Ensure that the tank material is chemically compatible with sulfuric acid to prevent degradation or reactions that could compromise the integrity of the tank.

H2SO4

Overall, stainless steel and FRP offer the best combination of durability, lifespan, and cost-effectiveness for sulfuric acid storage.

By conducting a thorough sulphuric acid risk assessment and implementing appropriate safety measures, you can help minimise the risks associated with sulfuric acid.

“This is our moonshot,” Madden told me. If you’re unfamiliar with that phrase, Madden is referring to the voyages of Apollo 10 and Apollo 11. Apollo 10 circled the moon but didn’t land. It was considered a dress rehearsal for the eventual Apollo 11 landing. Apollo 10’s mission gathered the required information and confidence needed to put a man on the moon. Axon considers TASER 10 to be the company’s first step in its own moonshot toward the mission of cutting firearms-related deaths between law enforcement and the public by 50% in ten years.

Alloy 20. A nickel-iron-chromium grade alloy and a popular choice for its robustness over a wide range of conditions up to about 60°C.

2. Hazard Identification: Identify all potential sources of exposure to sulfuric acid in your facility, including storage tanks, handling areas, and transfer equipment.

8. Monitoring and Review: Regularly monitor and review your sulphuric acid risk assessment and safety measures to identify any changes in conditions or procedures that may affect the risk of exposure and adjust your controls accordingly.

Sulphuric acid pH is a critical aspect to understand in various industrial and chemical processes. Sulfuric acid is an extremely strong acid, typically classified as a strong mineral acid. In its concentrated form, it has a pH level that can be as low as 1, indicating a highly acidic nature. As sulfuric acid is diluted, its pH level increases, but even in dilute solutions, it can remain highly acidic.

Alloy 825. A nickel-iron-chromium grade alloy with the addition of molybdenum, copper and titanium. Is useful up to about 70% concentration in temperatures from 60°C – 80°C.

Moreover, the sulfuric acid pH within solutions can also impact environmental considerations, particularly in terms of waste disposal and treatment. Proper management of acidic solutions, including monitoring and adjusting pH levels as needed, is essential to prevent environmental contamination and ensure regulatory compliance.

Madden had to tell me three different times that the TASER 10 deploys only one probe at a time before I truly grasped what he was saying. “No more geometry,” I thought.

Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that the chosen tank meets all applicable regulatory requirements for storing sulfuric acid, including those related to material compatibility, design standards, and safety features.

By evaluating these factors, you can select a sulfuric acid storage tank size that efficiently meets your needs while complying with Sulphuric acid risk assessment and budget constraints.

I remember when Axon’s TASER X-26 was the newest less lethal device on the market. It wasn’t just a step up from the M-26, it was a giant leap in technology. The M-26 was the first conducted energy weapon to produce neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI). NMI is the motor-nerve stimulation of the muscles that occur when electrical pulses temporarily interfere with the command-and-control systems of the body.

Hydrochloricacid

The X-26’s shaped pulse technology allowed it to be smaller and use less power to achieve NMI much more effectively. Since then, we’ve seen the X-26P, X2, X3 and TASER 7, all of which brought advances in technology such as current metering, virtual reality integration, rechargeable batteries, dual laser sighting and pulse calibration. Most of us were interested in the next step in TASER technology.

Without effective measures to prevent atmosphere leaking into the storage tank, problems start to arise as concentrated sulphuric acid absorbs moisture in the air until its concentration becomes as low as 45%.

Zeron® 100. (S32760). A super duplex stainless steel. At concentrations >90% Zeron 100 exhibits excellent resistance to corrosion and the alloy finds uses in the heat recovery sections of sulphuric acid plants where the 98% acid is around 200°C.

By carefully considering these factors and selecting a tank that meets the specific requirements for storing sulfuric acid, individuals and organisations can ensure safe and compliant storage practices.

The decrease in voltage also allows for polarity switching between probes (positive and negative). An officer can deploy as many as 10 individual probes. The TASER 10 chooses between the most effective two, three or four probes and changes their polarity with up to 44 pulses per second to most effectively attain NMI. In other words, more Band-Aids, fewer deaths – no matter how many probes are deployed on a subject. Metabolic stress testing and muscular strain testing are showing the TASER 10 to be as safe or safer than previous models.

sulphuric acid+ sodium hydroxide

1. Chemical Properties: Begin by understanding the chemical properties of sulfuric acid, including its corrosive nature, toxicity, and reactivity with other substances.

Having been a TASER user and instructor for most of my career, I was nonplussed. With legacy TASERs, the officer had no choice but to deploy two probes at one time and had no more than two opportunities to land two probes in the right places to obtain NMI.

Sulphuric acid is oxidising when concentrated but is reducing at low and ‘intermediate’ concentrations. Commercially concentrated acid is around 96% (specific gravity = 1.84.)

Selecting the appropriate tank for storing sulfuric acid is critical to ensure safety and prevent environmental hazards. Here are some factors to consider when choosing a suitable tank:

Madden explained that the ability to choose where each individual probe is placed allows the officer to localize the NMI depending on the situation. For example, officers have been discouraged from using their TASER on a fleeing subject because the NMI can render their arms useless during their fall, which often leads to serious head injuries. With the TASER 10, the user can accurately and quickly place one probe in each leg of the fleeing subject. The offender still can break their fall and the apprehension can be made more safely.

The TASER 7 used weighted probes to push their way into an effective position through clothing. The TASER 10 has an increased velocity of just over 200 feet per second. The combination of a lighter wire and that velocity has not only increased accuracy but allows for increased performance in attaining NMI from the TASER 7 to the TASER 10.

On January 24, 2023, Axon introduced the TASER 10 at TASERCON. After my video call with Axon Senior Vice President Patrick Madden the previous day, it was obvious to me that the TASER 10 iteration is less of a step up and more of a giant leap.