CMOS image sensors are applied in a variety of sectors, from the mobility and mobile to industrial robots. Find out how they are used in real contexts of these fields of applications.

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Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corporation (SSS) had a major business shift in 2004 from CCD image sensors, of which the company had the largest market share at the time, to CMOS image sensors despite being a late-comer in this field. Leveraging the years of expertise and know-how in CCD image sensors, SSS devoted much resources to the development and production of CMOS image sensors. Today, SSS has come to enjoy the top market share in this type of image sensor.

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If the electric field is directly incident on the surface the propagation direction and surface normal are parallel so we cannot define a plane of incidence. In this case all polarizations "lie flat" in the plane of the material surface so it is sort of like all polarizations are "s-polarized". This is comparable to the case when light was travelling directly upwards against gravity and all polarizations looked like horizontal polarizations so it didn't make sense to talk about horizontal and vertically polarized light anymore. In this case we must introduce a new different reference frame if we want to talk about the polarization of the light field.

So an unpolarized electromagnetic wave as light when incident on an interface air-water will be reflected as an "s" polarized light at the Brewster angle. This means it oscillates on a plane perpendicular to the plane of incidence, hence parallel to the surface? If yes, then can we say that an s-polarized light is equivalently said to be horizontally polarized?

Finally to unite all of these concepts. We see that horizontal and vertical polarization refer to the direction of polarization compared to the direction of gravity and s and p-polarization refer to the direction of polarization compared to the plane of incidence. If the surface normal is pointing either in the direction of gravity (as implied by the figure in the OP) or perpendicular to the direction of gravity (a surface which is vertical like a mirror in the restroom) then there is a relationship between s and p-polarized and horizontal and vertically (h and v) polarized light.

In 2007, SSS launched a CMOS image sensor with its original Column-Parallel A/D Conversion Circuit, realizing high speed and low noise performance. Then in 2009, we brought to the market a back-illuminated CMOS image sensor which doubled the sensitivity on conventional models. It surpassed the performance of CCD image sensors. In 2012, a stacked CMOS image sensor was commercialized thanks to the stacked structure of the pixel and logic sections, achieving high image quality, multi-function, and smaller size. Further in 2015, we succeeded in realizing an applied Cu-Cu (copper-copper) connection, the first of its kind in the world, which enabled a smaller size, high performance, and improved productivity. SSS continues to lead the industry through its perpetual innovations in technology.

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s and p polarizations are different from horizontal and vertical polarizations. As described above, horizontal and vertical usually refer to the direction of the electric field with respect to gravity. s and p polarizations are instead defined with respect to a reference frame which is related to the surface with which the light is interacting. The surface can be oriented in an arbitrary direction with respect to gravity so we see that s and p are unrelated to horizontal and vertical polarization.

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I put the tilde on the p to v comparison because for glancing angles (where the light is travelling almost horizontal, large angle of incidence) it makes sense to talk about vertical polarized light but if the light is travelling more and more perpendicular to the surface (smaller angles of incidence) it makes less and less sense to talk about vertically polarized light.

*However for the case of light which is shining directly incident onto a material surface the two vectors are parallel and no plane is defined. I'll discuss this case shortly.

My doubt comes from a discussion we had in class about the Brewster angle, glare effect produced by the reflection of sunlight on water and polarizing sunglasses.

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There are two major types of image sensors: CCD, or charge coupled device and CMOS, or complementary metal oxide semiconductor. The CMOS image sensor has advantages over the CCD image sensor in terms of speed and power consumption, and for this reason, it is becoming a preferred choice in many areas, such as smartphones and digital cameras.

Each photodiode is equipped with an amplifier, so that the converted electricity is amplified on the spot and turned into a signal. All these signals are transmitted straightaway.

CMOSsensor

The image sensor is the film to a film camera, or the retina to the human eye. Its performance determines the picture quality or sensing precision.

Light is turned into electricity by each photodiode, which relays the electricity. The amplifier located at the exit amplifies the electricity and turn it into a signal.

A CMOS image sensor is faster and consumes less power than a CCD image sensor. On top of these, it is compatible with the system integration arrangement, meaning that both an analog and digital circuits can be mounted onto a single chip.Early models of CMOS image sensors were inferior to CCD image sensors in terms of image quality for being more susceptible to noise and less sensitive. However, technological innovations made it possible to capture high-quality moving and still images, exceeding that of CCD image sensors. Adding improved image quality to its advantages of high speed and low power consumption, the CMOS image sensor supports the advancement of various cameras.

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\begin{align} p\text{-polarized} & = \text{vertically polarized}\\ s\text{-polarized} & = \text{horizontally polarized} \end{align}

Note regarding glare and sunglasses and the Brewster angle: You have pointed out that unpolarized light incidence at (or near) the brewster angle will be filtered and (mostly) s-polarized upon reflection. If the surface under consideration is horizontal (asphalt on the road, or standing water, for example) then we know that s-polarized light is h-polarized light. Thus if we want to filter this out using sunglasses for example we should make the sunglasses eliminate h-polarized light. Polarizing sunglasses are designed to eliminate h-polarized light when the wearer is standing upright and holding their head in the usual way. If they tilt their head, however, then their sunglasses will now let in more h-polarized light and allow in more v-polarized light. The angle of the sunglasses defines a new coordinate system. Note also that if the surface is vertically oriented (such as the rear window of the car in front of you) then since sunlight is typically coming from above, the s-polarized reflected light will again be mostly horizontally polarized. This means that generally polarizing sunglasses are good and reducing glare from all sorts of objects assuming the sunlight is coming from above. However, during sunrise and sunset the sun is lower in the sky so the reflected s-polarized light may now have large components in the vertical direction so the sunglasses will not work as effectively.

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This definition of horizontal and vertical polarization also makes sense for light travelling at some reasonable angular deviations from the horizontal plane. We can talk about polarizations which mostly don't have components in the $\hat{z}$ direction, horizontal polarizations, and polarizations which mostly do have components in the $\hat{z}$, vertical polarizations.

Each photodiode is equipped with an amplifier, so that the converted electricity is amplified on the spot and turned into a signal. All these signals are transmitted straightaway.

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p-polarized light is light where the electric field vector lies in this plane of incidence. s-polarized light is light where the electric field vector is perpendicular to this plane of incidence. If you think about this in terms of the material surface you can see that the electric field vector either pokes in or out of the material surface for p-polarized light while it "lies flat" in the plane of the material surface.

However, imagine a beam travelling directly upwards from the ground in the $\hat{z}$ direction. In this case the polarization lies in the $\hat{x}$, $\hat{y}$ plane. It doesn't make sense to me to call either of these vertical polarization. Rather, we would be better served calling them "East-West" and "North-South" polarized, for example. The key point here is the geometric and coordinate dependent nature of how we call polarizations.

An image sensor is an “electronic eye” that transforms the light coming through the lens into electric signals. It is applied in a multitude of aspects of our everyday life throughout society. In addition to digital cameras and other imaging applications to convert visible scenes to image data, the scope of its application is expanding to include sensing, for example, in specialized cameras (UV: ultraviolet, IR: infrared, polarized light, etc.) employed in manufacturing plants, capturing and recognizing diverse information which our eyes cannot perceive.

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H and V polarization usually refer to some arbitrary reference frame. This reference frame is usually defined by the direction of gravity (call this $\hat{z}$ direction). If light is travelling "horizontally" (meaning perpendicular to the direction of gravity, for example in the $\hat{y}$ direction) then we can talk about horizontally and vertically polarized light. For vertically polarized light the electric field is parallel to the direction of gravity so it is in the $\hat{z}$ direction. For horizontally polarized light the electric field is perpendicular to the direction of gravity, that is in the $\hat{x}$ direction. Note that in both cases the electric field is perpendicular to the direction of light propagation.

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s and p are defined with respect to the plane of incidence as described in the Wikipedia article. The plane of incidence is defined by two vectors. One vector is the normal vector to the surface (the vector which points out of the surface). The other vector is the direction of propagation for the light under consideration. Often these two vectors are not parallel and thus they describe a plane*. This plane is called the plane of incidence.

Light is turned into electricity by each photodiode, which relays the electricity. The amplifier located at the exit amplifies the electricity and turn it into a signal.

If that's the case then sunlight (unpolarized light) will be reflected as horizontally polarized so to reduce glare effects the polarizing sunglasses must block the horizontal direction of polarization, right?