Stab proof vests utilise the same materials as bullet proof vests- Kevlar or Dyneema- because of their extremely high strength-to-weight ratio. However, while Kevlar vests ‘traps’ bullets in its strong fibres, dispersing its energy and slowing it to a stop, they cannot stop knives and edged weapons in the same way. Weapons with an edge cut through these protective fibres, rendering the vest useless. Stab proof vests therefore incorporate either chainmail or laminate coating in addition to Kevlar to help stop a knife from penetrating. This is ideal for Officers who, if facing a weapon, will most likely encounter a knife or similar weapon. Knives were over three times as prolific as firearms in recorded crime, and a stab proof vest (often called a knife-resistant vest) is a vital piece of equipment for Officers. These are again available in both covert and overt styles, with overt stab vests available with high visibility strips, logos and insignia, and additional pouches for equipment, meaning they can be worn as part of a uniform. Furthermore, some feel that wearing a stab proof vest is a sign of authority, and this show of preparedness may deter potential attackers.

The MUTCD's R6 series of signs is for one way and divided highway signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The most common of these signs is the One Way sign.

The MUTCD's R12 series of signs is for weight limit-related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W1 series of signs is for warning signs relating to horizontal alignment. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W15 series of signs is for warning signs relating to playgrounds. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

Guide signs include highway route markers (shields), which are reassurance markers, interchange signs, including advance guide and exit signs, and mile markers. Advance guide and exit signs usually feature control cities or other locations to help direct drivers toward their destinations. The position of the exit number plaque indicates right or left exit[9] (and should indicate center lane exit).

The MUTCD's R11 series of signs is for road closure-related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W24 series of signs is for warning signs relating to lane shifts, where traffic is diverted slightly toward the left or right of the roadway, but the route is otherwise unchanged. These signs typically have orange background and are used for temporary situations. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W14 series of signs is for warning signs relating to dead-end streets and no-passing zones. As all situations are not covered, several states and local governments have additional signs for other types of situations not covered by the MUTCD. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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The MUTCD's W21 series of signs is for warning signs relating to road work. They typically have orange backgrounds and are used for temporary situations. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's R14 series of signs is for truck route-related signs. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

In the United States, road signs are, for the most part, standardized by federal regulations, most notably in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and its companion volume the Standard Highway Signs (SHS).

Eighteen states use the manual without alterations; 22 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have adopted it in conjunction with a supplemental volume; and ten states have a state version in substantial conformance to the MUTCD.[3] The MUTCD and SHS establish seven categories of signs for road and highway use, as follows:[4] (The list does not cover all situations; the signage is from the national MUTCD unless specified):

The 11th edition of the MUTCD was released on December 19, 2023.[1] The effective date, 30 days after publication, of the MUTCD was January 18, 2024. States have two years after the effective date to do one of the following options: adopt the revised MUTCD, adopt the revised MUTCD with a state supplement, or adopt a state-specific MUTCD.[2]

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The MUTCD's W16 series of signs is for supplemental plaques for warning signs. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's R5 series of signs is for exclusionary signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The most common of these signs is the do not enter sign.

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Warning signs are found in the W series of the national MUTCD. They highlight existing conditions, such as a curve, school, dead end street, or traffic signal. They can also warn of possible danger such as bumps, bicycles, low flying aircraft, or emergency vehicles. They are either yellow or fluorescent yellow in color and, with a few exceptions, are usually diamond-shaped and sometimes have square or rectangular smaller signs or plaques associated with them. Most W series signs can also be found with orange backgrounds for temporary use in situations such as construction zones. Some of the temporary-use signs are for use only in temporary situations.

The MUTCD's W20 series of signs is for warning signs relating to work zones. These signs are typically orange background ones used for temporary situations. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

However, an important point to note is that just as a bullet proof vest cannot protect against a knife, a stab proof vest cannot always protect against a spiked weapon. The bullet proof fibres found in bullet and stab resistant vests, while woven tightly to give them their protective qualities, still have gaps that a spiked weapon can pass through, making them useless against spiked weapons like needles or ice picks. This is just as true in stab vests that utilise chainmail, which naturally contains large gaps for spiked weapons to pass through. Spike protection is ensured with layers of laminate, thin plastic added to the protective materials to present a tough barrier to slow and stop spiked weapons. Stab vests that utilise laminate will therefore offer some protection against spiked weapons, but it is important to ensure that body armour meets the correct level as outlined by CAST.

The MUTCD's W18 series of signs is for warnings relating to no further traffic signs. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W17 series of signs is for warnings relating to speed humps. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's R2 series is for speed limit signs. Some state supplements and state MUTCDs place various speed limit signs in other series. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. Speed limits in the United States are always in miles per hour. Metric speed limit signs in kilometers per hour used to be authorized but extremely rare, usually seen near the borders with Canada and Mexico, both of which use the metric system.[5] They have been discontinued as of 2012. Many states, however, disallow the use of metric signs on state-maintained roads due to MUTCD restrictions,[6] increasing the rarity of such signs.

The MUTCD's W13 series of signs is for warning signs relating to advisory speeds. Speed limits in the United States are always in miles per hour. Metric advisory speed signs in kilometers per hour used to be authorized but extremely rare, usually seen near the borders with Canada and Mexico, both of which use the metric system.[5] They have been discontinued as of 2012. Many states, however, disallowed the use of metric signs on state-maintained roads due to system restrictions, increasing the rarity of such signs. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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The MUTCD's R3 series of signs is for lane usage and turn signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's R9 series of signs is for bicycle and pedestrian signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

A dip exists to slow cars down. However, the sign alerting drivers to the existence of the dip actually gets them to decrease their speed.

For many in the Police, stab proof vests will be the most basic protective equipment required. This is not because they are commonly used, but because they are the most common weapon available. Unlike elsewhere in the world, firearms are very rare in the UK and the majority of Officers are unlikely to face firearms. However, there are sadly a number of instances over the past several decades of Officers being killed with firearms, and even though crimes involving firearms make up only 0.2% of all recorded crime, the threat still remains, and some may wish to have protection against firearms. For some branches of the Police, a bullet proof vest is not only recommended but vital; Armed Response Units and other Firearms Officers are deployed into the most dangerous situations where firearms are often likely to be faced. For these Officers, a bullet proof vest is absolutely necessary. However, many may not realise that bullet proof vests come in several levels depending on the protection they can offer. Officers working in such extreme situations may need the highest available protection, which utilises hard plates of Ceramic, Steel or Titanium. These are naturally quite heavy and bulky, and will be uncomfortable when worn for extended periods, and so are only recommended for those who will be facing extreme threats. For the majority of Officers, a ‘hard’ bullet proof vest that can protect against high calibre bullets will not be necessary. These Level III or IV armours do offer increased protection, but the added weight and bulk will restrict movement and sap energy over a long time. For those who feel they need a bullet proof vest- perhaps Officers, plainclothes or otherwise, working in especially dangerous areas of the country- will likely want a vest at Level IIIa or lower. These levels outline what exactly vests can protect against.

The MUTCD's W22 series of signs is for warning signs relating to blasting zones. They typically have orange backgrounds and are used for temporary situations. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's R8 series of signs is for parking restriction and emergency restriction signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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The MUTCD's W25 series of signs is for signs warning that oncoming traffic has an extended green signal at a traffic light. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's R15 series of signs is for rail- and light rail-related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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The MUTCD's W6 series of signs is for warning signs relating to divided highways. The MUTCD provides options for graphic and text signs. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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The MUTCD's R4 series of signs is for the regulation of movement signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W3 series of signs is for warning signs relating to advance traffic controls. The MUTCD provides options for graphic and text signs. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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The MUTCD's R10 series of signs is for traffic signal related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

With Officers being called to a wide variety of dangerous situations, having a protective vest that can mitigate the damage of falling debris, high temperatures, or even simple brute force is essential. Furthermore, there has been increased research into creating body armour that can protect against CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) attacks, which consolidate the protective equipment already being used by Specialist Firearms Officers for example.

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Regulatory signs give instructions to motorists, pedestrians, and cyclists. Signs including Stop, Yield, No Turns, No Trucks, No Parking, No Stopping, Minimum Speed, Right Turn Only, Do Not Enter, Weight Limit, and Speed Limit are considered regulatory signs. Some have special shapes, such as the octagon for the Stop sign, the triangle for the Yield sign, and the crossbuck for railroad crossings. Some signs can be localized, such as No Parking, and some are found only in state and local jurisdictions, as they are based on state or local laws, such as New York City's "Don't Block the Box" signs. These signs are in the R series of signs in the MUTCD and typically in the R series in most state supplements or state MUTCDs.

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Protecting the brave men and women that support our communities is of utmost importance. It is a sad fact that many Officers may face violence, even involving weapons, and this should not be treated as simply part of the job. Equipping them with protective and appropriate clothing in the form of a bullet or stab resistant vest is a necessity and will help Officers to confidently and safely perform their duties.

The MUTCD's W10 series of signs is for warning signs relating to railroad crossings. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W8 series of signs is for warning signs relating to pavement and roadway conditions. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W7 series of signs is for warning signs relating to hills. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W9 series of signs is for warning signs relating to lane transitions. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's R1 series is for Stop and Yield. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The 4-WAY and 3-WAY plaques (R1-3) were deprecated in the 2009 Edition of the MUTCD in favor of the ALL WAY plaque (R1-3P).

The MUTCD allows for three types of parking signs: permissive, No Parking, and No Standing. However, in most states, there is an additional more restrictive one, No Stopping. These signs are found in the R7 series of signs in the MUTCD. As all situations are not covered, several states and local governments have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. Permissive parking signs allow for parking for either an unlimited or varied amount of time. They are often used in conjunction with parking meters and parking permits. They are specified by the MUTCD to be green on white. Local variations occur with additional information and slightly different designs. No Parking signs indicate that loading or unloading while temporarily stopped is permitted, but the driver must not leave the vicinity of the vehicle.[7] Some No Parking signs display time restrictions, while others are permanent restrictions. There are also temporary versions of the signs, often of similar design to the permanent ones. These signs are specified by the MUTCD to be red on white, although local variations occur. No Standing signs indicate that stopping temporarily to load or unload passengers is allowed, but vehicles cannot be stopped at the location for longer periods of time, even if the driver remains with the vehicle.[7] As with no parking signs, some restrictions displayed on the signs are permanent, and some are time-based.

The MUTCD's W5 series of signs is for warning signs relating to road width restrictions. The MUTCD provides options for graphic and text signs. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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One of the added benefits of body armour is the general protection it will offer thanks to the Kevlar and chainmail in the plates. This means that while a bullet or stab resistant vest will protect against weapons, it will also provide protection against blunt force trauma, meaning that body armour can protect Officers in nearly any situation. This includes traffic collisions in particular, and DuPont- the manufacturers of Kevlar- honour several American Police Officers a year who have been saved from traffic collisions thanks to body armour.

Body armour is tested and standardised by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) in the USA and by the UK Centre for Applied Sciences and Technology (CAST, formerly the Home Office Scientific Development Branch). These institutions are seen as the world leaders in ballistics and edged/spiked weapon testing respectively, and apply Levels to body armour to outline exactly what threats they can protect against. Both institutions share testing methods and equipment, and so armour that meets the standard for one organisation will meet the equivalent standard. For bullet proof vests, as seen above, Levels III and IV are seen as ‘hard armours’, and can protect against 7.62mm Full Metal Jacketed bullets and .30 calibre armour-piercing rounds respectively. Bullet resistant vests upto NIJ Level IIIa, like stab and spike proof vests, utilise Kevlar and similar plastic-based materials that are flexible and lightweight. These para-aramid based materials have an incredibly high strength-to-weight ratio, and allow for vests that can be worn comfortably all day. This is of particular interest to Officers on patrol that will be required to wear armour for the duration of their shift.

The MUTCD's W2 series of signs is for warning signs relating to intersections. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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The MUTCD's W11 series of signs is for warning signs relating to advance warnings. The MUTCD allows use of a fluorescent yellow-green background color for signs relating to non-motorized vehicles crossing the road.[8] As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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If an Officer is likely to be facing a firearm, it will most likely be a handgun. Handguns were the most common of all firearms, being used in 28% of offences involving a firearm. ‘Soft armour’, as it is known, at Levels I-IIIa will protect against most handgun ammunition. This benefits Officers in Armed Response Units, for example, who will need to have a full range of movement to perform appropriately. Having a vest that does not restrict movement, is comfortable, and offers protection against handgun ammunition- as armour upto NIJ Level IIIa does- is ideal (for more information on the specific ammunition each level protects against, see here). This is equally true for any Officer who is likely to face the threat of a firearm, for example Plainclothes Police Officers. These Officers may still require protection due to the dangerous nature of their operations, but may not realise that bullet proof vests do not necessarily have to be worn over clothes.

Both bullet and stab proof vests are available in covert and overt styles. While the ‘hard armours’ mentioned above are only available in an overt style due to their bulk and weight, vests utilising Kevlar and laminate for example are much lighter and thinner, and can be worn underneath clothes. These covert vests are flexible and breathable, and can be worn for long periods. Manufacturers also incorporate temperature-regulating technologies into covert vests that can draw moisture away from the skin and help keep the wearer cool. For Officers who need to keep their body armour concealed this is ideal. Some Officers, such as Community Support Officers, may not wish to display their body armour for a number of reasons; some feel it further distances the Police from the public, or can even mark Officers as a target for violence. Whatever the reason, for these Officers a covert vest will again be ideal. However, for Community Support Officers as well as many other Officers, a stab proof vest will be a much more suitable option.

The MUTCD's W12 series of signs is for warning signs relating to low clearance. Metric low bridge signs in meters used to be authorized but extremely rare, usually seen near the borders with Canada and Mexico, both of which use the metric system.[5] They have been discontinued as of 2012. Many states, however, disallowed the use of metric signs on state-maintained roads due to system restrictions, increasing the rarity of such signs. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

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The S series of signs are specially designated by the MUTCD for use around schools. Some states have additional school warning-related signs in the S series, the W series of warning signs, and/or the R series of regulatory signs of the state supplement or state MUTCD. The adoption of the 2009 MUTCD required school warning signs to have fluorescent yellow-green backgrounds.[10]

The Police Service features a wide range of officers in a number of different roles, all of which have their own responsibilities. Coming with this are a wide range of threats and potential attacks, which are again diverse and different depending on the role the officer is in. However, whatever the role, our police services need to be protected to ensure they can perform to the best of their ability and avoid injury. Body armour is a necessity for all in the police service, but just as there are different roles a Police Officer can fill, so too does body armour cover a wide range of protective vests. Body armour is designed to protect against specific threats, so Officers in different roles facing unique threats will require specific body armour.

The MUTCD's W23 series of signs is for warning signs relating to slow traffic. They typically have orange backgrounds and are used for temporary situations. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's R13 series of signs is for weigh station related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's R16 series of signs is for seat belt and headlight use-related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W19 series of signs is for warning signs relating to the end of a freeway or expressway. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

The MUTCD's W4 series of signs is for warning signs relating to lane merges and added lanes, as well as lane endings. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.