“Police should never investigate police,” the council’s president, Josh Pallas, said. “The NSW Ombudsman and the Law Enforcement Conduct Commission should initiate an inquiry into this because it transcends issues of police powers with mental health and ageing.”

The mission of the West Palm Beach Police Department’s (WPBPD) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) program is to provide airborne support to police operations in a safe, responsible and transparent manner to preserve the peace, reduce response times and increase the quality of life in West Palm Beach.

WPBPD use UAS in a variety of circumstances, such as documenting crime and accident scenes, searching for missing or wanted persons, fires, and evaluating damage after a major incident or natural disaster. These can happen anywhere in the city and the WPBPD UAS Team will respond to those on an as-needed basis. This program is called Drone as First Responder (DFR) Operations (see FAQ above).

She said in time the community will want answers, but for now their concerns are focused on Nowland’s health and the family.

DFR drones

WPBPD’s CONOPS is called Drone as First Responder (DFR), and it is a transformational method of policing that has demonstrated the ability to increase officer and community safety and reduce overall police response times. DFR provides the ability to see what is going on at an incident before first responders arrive on the ground. In addition to the overhead perspective that traditional air support has always provided, DFR allows a trained incident commander to virtually arrive on scene first, sometimes minutes before officers are in harm’s way.

Bronnie Taylor, a resident of the Cooma region and deputy leader of the NSW Nationals party, said the mood in the tight-knit town was sombre.

“At the time she was Tasered she was approaching police, it is fair to say at a slow pace,” Peter Cotter, the NSW assistant police commissioner, said on Friday. “She had a walking frame. But she had a knife.”

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Chief Frank Adderley has called DFR one his most important tools in improving situational awareness, de-escalating dangerous situations and protecting officers and community. DFR is just one of several components in the Chief’s Public Safety Initiative.

All WPBPD UAS pilots are subject to FAA regulations related to airspace use, and all must have a valid FAA Part 107 Remote Pilot License. UAS pilots are also subject to theWPBPD Policy on UAS Operations. (PDF, 289KB)

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Helicopters and other manned aircraft are very expensive to operate. Currently, WPBPD relies on the Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Department for air support. UAS can be used in a variety of ways that augment mutual aid air support requests in a cost-effective and efficient manner, like the DFR aerial intelligence-led emergency response.

In late 2023, Skydio produced their X-10 UAS, which not only met the requirements of Florida Statute, but provided a UAS capable of performing drone as first responder missions. WPBPD received their X-10 drones in March 2024, and is currently training pilots.

“An internal investigation is simply not good enough,” she said. “We’re seeing a pattern of police response that is causing harm rather than de-escalating situations and providing the necessary care responses to some of our most vulnerable people.”

“It’s pretty clear that the response in this case is too heavy-handed and completely inappropriate and not warranted in relation to the situation that they were faced with.”

Video and photos collected by UAS are stored for the purposes of conducting police investigations and subsequent prosecutions. Accordingly, videos and photos are generally accessible to police investigators for official use only. Like all police records, video and photos may also be subject to additional release under the same rules and restrictions as BWC video and other evidence. Generally, UAS photos and video that are considered part of an active criminal investigation and are exempt from disclosure under theFlorida Statutes Chapter 119, Public Records laws.

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No. Our drone data does not utilize the onboard software from the drone manufacturer. Our data is encrypted and is stored on US-based servers that meet federal requirements for confidential law enforcement databases.

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Nowland, at some point, had left her bedroom, walking into the kitchen, and picking up a steak knife. By the time police arrived, they say she was in a small medical treatment room, by herself.

Unmanned Aircrafts Systems (UAS), or drone, is an aerial device with an onboard computer that is operated remotely – generally by a pilot on the ground – using a handheld controller. Small drones are battery operated, weigh less than 55 pounds, have several rotors like a helicopter, and are equipped with a video camera.

Croker only arrived at the parish in recent months. But he says it has become clear to him that Nowland, before her health deteriorated, was an active and much-loved member of the church.

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Nowland, who suffers dementia and weighs 43kg, was advancing on them at a “slow pace” with a walking frame, but also holding a serrated steak knife, according to police.

To achieve public transparency, WPBPD uses drone software to track all flights launched by the department. The drone flight logs provide timely updates and accurate reports on all flight data. At times, the data provided may differ from actual flight data but is checked for accuracy regularly. WPBPD's policies prohibit drone operators from intentionally recording or transmitting images of any location where a person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy, except where authorized by a warrant issued by a judge or in emergency situations.

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Nowland fell back, smashing her head, and leaving her with critical injuries. She has been in Cooma district hospital in the two days since, her family by her side, dipping in and out of consciousness.

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“She was there with her daughter, one of her daughters, and we had a good little conversation between the three of us,” he says. “She still had her knitting there, she was poking along with that to keep herself busy.

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In addition to the training and study required to maintain anFAA part 107 Remote Pilot License, all WPBPD UAS Team members train regularly in a variety of locations and settings to ensure operational efficiency. All training is documented, and the records are maintained by WPBPD and are subject to review by the FAA.

The case has also revived a perennial concern in cases of potential police misconduct: how can the public be confident in police investigating police?

Cotter said that no one, not even police, was above the law, and sought to ease fears about the investigation’s independence by saying it would be monitored by the LECC, an independent watchdog.

“They’re strong people who will give every bit of sympathy and support to the family in the way that we do, with prayer and we hope that with more than anything that it brings us closer together as a church family,” he said.

Disability advocates outraged at ‘heavy handed’ response, while Greens MP says incident should mark turning point in police misconduct reviews

But the Greens MP Sue Higginson warned the LECC lacked an adequate budget and resourcing to properly investigate the vast bulk of complaints it receives.

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Police have also revealed that the senior constable responsible, an officer of 12 years’ experience, has been taken off duty. His duty status is under review.

The threat was so grave, police decided, that they needed to deploy the most serious use of force option available to them, bar drawing their firearm.

Croker recalls the great-grandmother was about as frail as one would expect of a 95-year-old. He also recalls her gentle nature and her deep appreciation for his visit.

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Anyone may email the UAS Team directly at Drones@wpb.org. In addition, anyone may make a service complaint to WPBPD in-person, via phone (561) 822-1900.

Homicide squad investigators have been brought in as part of a critical incident response team. Their investigation will be reviewed by professional standards and monitored by the Law Enforcement Conduct Commission (LECC).

This unique Concept of Operations (CONOPS) for drones developed out of a partnership between the WPBPD and the Chula Vista, CA Police Department, who are credited with developing the nation’s first Law Enforcement Drone as First Responder Program (LEDFRP).

The intent of the DFR Program is to enhance WPBPD’s response to emergency calls for service. As such, drones are used during an active response to an emergency or other call for police assistance. WPBPD policy prohibits drone operators from intentionally recording or transmitting images of any location where a person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy, such as inside private buildings, except where authorized by a warrant issued by a judge or in emergency situations.

About a week ago, Clare Nowland was in a hospital bed, knitting needles nearby, chatting with one of her daughters and Cooma’s local parish priest, Mark Croker.

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In June 2024, WPBPD will launch the first drone and first responder program in Florida, and the first program in the nation using the Skydio X-10 as the flight platform. WPBPD will deploy a UAS to 911 calls and other reports of emergency incidents, such as crimes in progress, fires, traffic accidents and reports of dangerous subjects.

Small, remotely-operated UAS, also commonly referred to as drones, are an efficient and effective way of providing law enforcement critical information to respond to calls for service and emergency situations, or to conduct criminal investigations. Some examples include providing an overhead view of an area or incident for ground personnel, safely clearing the interior of buildings, providing detailed documentation of crime and accident scenes and searching for lost or missing persons.

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So when the nursing home called police about 4.15am Wednesday, asking for help to deal with a resident with a knife, the force had to call in off-duty officers.

In 2022, due to legislative changes in Florida, the WPBPD UAS unit suspended operations until a drone that met state statute requirements was available.

Lee said it was clear that police were not properly trained to deal with people in crisis, including those suffering dementia.

In 2017, WPBPD formed its first patrol-based UAS program. Launched and flown on location by an FAA Part 107 licensed pilot, the drone would be used to locate fleeing suspects, missing persons and provide situational awareness for officers on the ground. Using DJI Phantom and Matrics-210 series drones, the pilots would work with visual observers to conduct safe and efficient flight operations. From 2017-2022, the UAS program flew more than 528 missions with 85.5 hours of flight time.

Skydio DFR

Chula Vista P.D. was part of the San Diego Integration Pilot Project Team (IPP), selected as one of only 10 teams among hundreds of applicants as part of the FAA’s IPP. The IPP was a federal initiative designed to help integrate drones into the National Air Space.

All video and photo evidence taken during any UAS mission is stored in the same manner and location as body worn camera (BWC) video and other investigative evidence. WPBPD utilizes a third-party cloud service, Evidence.com, to store all digital evidence. The service is authorized and certified under both state and federal regulations for the security and protection of confidential information and is available only for official law enforcement purposes. Evidence is stored and saved for a limited time (90 days), unless it is categorized as evidence in an actual crime or formal investigation. Then it is stored for a period of time consistent with all other evidence related to that incident/investigation.

As more detail emerges about their conduct, outrage among advocates such as Nicole Lee, the president of People with Disability Australia, has only grown.

Drone as First Responder Operations is an innovative and transformative use of UAS. The concept is to utilize drones to fly to any reported emergency and arrive prior to first responders on the ground. The video feed from the UAS is viewed at the police department by a trained first responder (teleoperator, or TO). The TO is able to operate the UAS remotely and communicate with field personnel via radio immediately. The TO is able to evaluate and assess the scene and circumstances before those in the field arrive and provide necessary tactical information that help them stay safe and increase efficiency. The video feed is also immediately available to every officer in the field via a smart phone application, so officers and fire personnel can see firsthand what they are responding to. The ability to evaluate the resources needed, prepare the proper operational response, and increase the safety of the first responders and the public is the intent of the project and the mission of WPBPD.

“Everybody is talking about it, everyone is very upset,” she said. “There are concerns about the level of force used and we need to rely on the process to look into that.”

In the early hours of the morning at the council-run Yallambee Lodge aged care facility, police used a Taser on Nowland, apparently due to the risk she posed to their safety.

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As Nowland’s family and the community work through their shock and grief, questions have already turned to the police response.

The drone has a powerful on-board camera that streams high-definition video to the department’s real-time operations center where the teleoperator, who is a trained critical incident manager, not only controls the drone remotely, but communicates with the units in the field to give them information and tactical intelligence about what they are responding to. The system also streams the video feed to the cell phones of the first responders, supervisors and command staff so they can see exactly what the drone is seeing.

NSW police were less than transparent in the 24 hours after the incident. They released a statement saying only that an elderly woman had been injured in an “interaction” with police at an aged care facility.

“A very nice lady, a deeply appreciative lady for whenever I visited her, a very respectful lady, and one who the church community here held in very high regard.”

She has not been moved to the main trauma centre for southern NSW, Canberra hospital, and police have deemed the incident to be in the most serious category available, used to denote the risk of imminent death.

“It really does highlight the fact that police are coming into scenarios like this and clearly they don’t have enough training behind them or support behind them to de-escalate a situation for someone who is in a mental health crisis or is experiencing confuse or distress, including due to dementia,” she said.

Beginning in April 2024, WPBPD partnered with Airdata and Skydio to provide information on every flight by a WPBPD drone. Click here to access recent flight data.