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In this example, SendPort and ReceivePort instances follow a best practice naming convention, in which they are named in relation to the main isolate. The messages sent through the SendPort from the main isolate to the worker isolate are called commands, and the messages sent back to the main isolate are called responses.

You should use isolates whenever your application is handling computations that are large enough to temporarily block other computations. The most common example is in Flutter applications, when you need to perform large computations that might otherwise cause the UI to become unresponsive.

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Effectively, this allows you to separate your isolate start-up logic from the logic that handles receiving messages after setting up communication is complete. This benefit will become more obvious as the logic in the other methods grows.

This listener is the entry point for messages sent from the main isolate to the worker isolate. This is the only chance you have to tell the worker isolate what code to execute in the future.

These examples implement a main isolate that spawns a simple worker isolate. Isolate.run() simplifies the steps behind setting up and managing worker isolates:

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To complete the class, define a public method called parseJson, which is responsible for sending messages to the worker isolate. It also needs to ensure that messages can be sent before the isolate is fully set up. To handle this, use a Completer.

The worker isolate transfers the memory holding the result to the main isolate. It does not copy the data. The worker isolate performs a verification pass to ensure the objects are allowed to be transferred.

The _activeRequests map associates a message sent to the worker isolate with a Completer. The keys used in _activeRequests are taken from _idCounter, which will be increased as more messages are sent.

First, create the private constructor that is returned from the Worker.spawn method. In the constructor body, add a listener to the receive port used by the main isolate, and pass an as-yet undefined method to that listener called _handleResponsesFromIsolate.

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This section goes over the steps required to establish 2-way communication between a newly spawned isolate and the main isolate. The first example, Basic ports, introduces the process at a high-level. The second example, Robust ports, gradually adds more practical, real-world functionality to the first.

Many road signs warn you to slow down or watch for hazards or special conditions ahead. Most warning signs are yellow and diamond-shaped with black letters or symbols. Some common warning signs are shown on the next slides.

When the DON'T WALK or RAISED HAND appears, you may not start across the street. The flashing signal means you should not begin to cross because you may not have enough time to make it to the other side before vehicles start moving across your path. If the flashing starts after you have already started to cross, you may finish crossing the street.

This example accomplishes the same as the previous. A new isolate spawns, computes something, and sends back the result.

In this step, you will complete the basic isolate setup process. This correlates almost entirely to the previous example, and there are no new concepts. There is a slight change in that the code is broken into more methods, which is a design practice that sets you up for adding more functionality through the remainder of this example. For an in-depth walkthrough of the basic process of setting up an isolate, see the basic ports example.

Next, add the _handleCommandsToIsolate method, which is responsible for receiving messages from the main isolate, decoding json on the worker isolate, and sending the decoded json back as a response.

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A ReceivePort is an object that handles messages that are sent from other isolates. Those messages are sent via a SendPort.

The WRONG WAY sign may accompany the DO NOT ENTER sign. This rectangular red and white sign is a traffic regulatory sign. If you see one or both of these signs, drive to the side and stop; you are going against traffic. When safe, back out or turn around and go back to the road you were on. (At night, road reflectors will shine red in your headlights when you are going the wrong way.)

Ports behave similarly to Stream objects (in fact, receive ports implement Stream!) You can think of a SendPort and ReceivePort like Stream's StreamController and listeners, respectively. A SendPort is like a StreamController because you "add" messages to them with the SendPort.send() method, and those messages are handled by a listener, in this case the ReceivePort. The ReceivePort then handles the messages it receives by passing them as arguments to a callback that you provide.

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Next, add the code to _startRemoteIsolate that is responsible for initializing the ports on the worker isolate. Recall that this method was passed to Isolate.spawn in the Worker.spawn method, and it will be passed the main isolate’s SendPort as an argument.

Along with creating the ports and setting up communication, you’ll also need to tell the ports what to do when they receive messages. This is done using the listen method on each respective ReceivePort.

Isolate.run() takes the result _readAndParseJson() returns and sends the value back to the main isolate, shutting down the worker isolate.

Finally, you need to tell the main isolate how to handle messages sent from the worker isolate back to the main isolate. To do so, you need to fill in the _handleResponsesFromIsolate method. Recall that this method is passed to the receivePort.listen method, as described in step 2:

A SendPort object is associated with exactly one ReceivePort, but a single ReceivePort can have many SendPorts. When you create a ReceivePort, it creates a SendPort for itself. You can create additional SendPorts that can send messages to an existing ReceivePort.

By creating a RawReceivePort first, and then a ReceivePort, you’ll be able to add a new callback to ReceivePort.listen later on. Conversely, if you were to create a ReceivePort straight away, you’d only be able to add one listener, because ReceivePort implements Stream, rather than BroadcastStream.

Setting up long-lived communication between isolates requires two classes (in addition to Isolate): ReceivePort and SendPort. These ports are the only way isolates can communicate with each other.

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_readAndParseJson() is an existing, asynchronous function that could just as easily run directly in the main isolate. Using Isolate.run() to run it instead enables concurrency. The worker isolate completely abstracts the computations of _readAndParseJson(). It can complete without blocking the main isolate.

A red octagon (eight-sided) STOP sign means you must make a full stop before entering the intersection, crosswalk, or driving past the white stop line.

Types of road signs are divided into three basic categories: regulatory, warning, and guide signs. The shape of a traffic sign communicates important information about the sign's message. In poor visibility conditions, such as heavy fog, you may be able to make out only the shape of a sign. The following section will give you an understanding of the signs that are commonly used on the US roads. Neglecting to obey the road signs results in a traffic violation, but to obey the sign, everyone on the road, regardless of whether you are a pedestrian or a driver, needs to know the meaning of each specific sign. Read the following section to get to know how they differ from each other by the color and shape.

This example expands on the information in the first example by creating a long-lived worker isolate that has these additional features and more, and follows better design patterns. Although this code has similarities to the first example, it is not an extension of that example.

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The result of Isolate.run() is always a Future, because code in the main isolate continues to run. Whether the computation the worker isolate executes is synchronous or asynchronous doesn't impact the main isolate, because it's running concurrently either way.

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This step continues to fill in the Worker.spawn method. You’ll add the code needed to spawn an isolate, and return an instance of Worker from this class. In this example, the call to Isolate.spawn is wrapped in a try/catch block, which ensures that, if the isolate fails to start up, the initPort will be closed, and the Worker object won’t be created.

Then, after decoding the json, update the call to sendPort.send to pass both the id and the decoded json back to the main isolate, again using a record.

Currently, if you rapidly send messages to the worker isolate, the isolate will send the decoded json response in the order that they complete, rather than the order that they’re sent. You have no way to determine which response corresponds to which message.

In this step, you’ll fix this problem by giving each message an id, and using Completer objects to ensure that when outside code calls parseJson the response that is returned to that caller is the correct response.

The listener on the worker’s ReceivePort decodes the JSON passed from the main isolate, and then sends the decoded JSON back to the main isolate.

Unless stated otherwise, the documentation on this site reflects Dart 3.5.4. Page last updated on 2024-11-17. View source or report an issue.

A pentagon-shaped sign tells you there is a school nearby. Children are often not careful around traffic and may not understand the dangers of moving vehicles. Paying attention to these signs and slowing down can help you avoid a potentially deadly situation. Do not forget that the school speed limit in most states is 20-25 mph. Consult your state's Drivers Handbook for details.

However, now the isolate sends a closure. Closures are less limited than typical named functions, both in how they function and how they're written into the code. In this example, Isolate.run() executes what looks like local code, concurrently. In that sense, you can imagine run() to work like a control flow operator for "run in parallel".

The diagrams in this section are high-level and intended to convey the concept of using ports for isolates. Actual implementation requires a bit more code, which you will find later on this page.

A newly spawned isolate only has the information it receives through the Isolate.spawn call. If you need the main isolate to continue to communicate with a spawned isolate past its initial creation, you must set up a communication channel where the spawned isolate can send messages to the main isolate. Isolates can only communicate via message passing. They can’t “see” inside each others’ memory, which is where the name “isolate” comes from.

This example demonstrates how you can set up a long-lived worker isolate with 2-way communication between it and the main isolate. The code uses the example of sending JSON text to a new isolate, where the JSON will be parsed and decoded, before being sent back to the main isolate.

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When the isolate is no longer being used by your code, you should close the ports on the main isolate and the worker isolate.

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A triangular red YIELD sign means slow down, be ready to stop, and let traffic (including people walking or riding bikes) pass before you go ahead. Go only when it is safe.

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This example is meant to teach the bare minimum needed to spawn a new isolate that can send and receive multiple messages over time.

The Worker.spawn method is where you will group the code for creating the worker isolate and ensuring it can receive and send messages.

In _handleCommandsToIsolate, you need to account for the message being a record with two values, rather than just the json text. Do so by destructuring the values from message.

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The class exposes three public methods: one that creates the worker isolate, one that handles sending messages to that worker isolate, and one that can shut down the ports when they’re no longer in use.

To set up this 2-way communication, first create a ReceivePort in the main isolate, then pass its SendPort as an argument to the new isolate when spawning it with Isolate.spawn. The new isolate then creates its own ReceivePort, and sends its SendPort back on the SendPort it was passed by the main isolate. The main isolate receives this SendPort, and now both sides have an open channel to send and receive messages.

Also recall that you sent a SendPort back to the main isolate in step 3. This method handles the receipt of that SendPort, as well as handling future messages (which will be decoded JSON).

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It does not cover important pieces of functionality that are expected in production software, like error handling, shutting down ports, and message sequencing.

Before spawning an isolate, you need to create a RawReceivePort, which is a lower-level ReceivePort. Using RawReceivePort is a preferred pattern because it allows you to separate your isolate startup logic from logic that handles message passing on the isolate.

Note that in this example (compared to the previous example), Worker.spawn acts as an asynchronous static constructor for this class and is the only way to create an instance of Worker. This simplifies the API, making the code that creates an instance of Worker cleaner.

Finally, add the parseJson method, which is a public method that allows outside code to send JSON to the worker isolate to be decoded.

The receivePort.sendPort argument will be passed to the callback (_startRemoteIsolate) as an argument when it’s called on the worker isolate. This is the first step in ensuring that the worker isolate has a way to send messages back to the main isolate.

In this step, you define the method _startRemoteIsolate that is sent to the worker isolate to be executed when it spawns. This method is like the “main” method for the worker isolate.

You can also create a simple worker isolate with run() using a function literal, or closure, directly in the main isolate.

The previous example explained the basic building blocks needed to set up a long-lived isolate with two-way communication. As mentioned, that example lacks some important features, such as error handling, the ability to close the ports when they’re no longer in use, and inconsistencies around message ordering in some situations.

The class exposes two public methods: one that spawns the worker isolate, and one that handles sending messages to that worker isolate.

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At many traffic signals, you need to push the pedestrian push button to receive the WALK or WALKING PERSON signal. At a crossing where there are no pedestrian signals, pedestrians must obey the red, yellow, or green signal lights.

This example assumes that you are already familiar with establishing communication between isolates with Isolate.spawn and ports, which was covered in the previous example.

The Robust ports example in the next section covers this functionality and discusses some of the issues that can arise without it.

Short-lived isolates are convenient to use, but require performance overhead to spawn new isolates and to copy objects from one isolate to another. If your code relies on repeatedly running the same computation using Isolate.run, you might improve performance by instead creating long-lived isolates that don’t exit immediately.