CCDdetector spectroscopy

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The Oriel® LineSpec™ model 78855 is a 2048 pixel linear array CCD camera. This plug and play USB camera operates from 200 to 1100 nm. The LineSpec includes an intuitive software package, an external trigger connector and USB cable.

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The model 78855 LineSpec camera is a 2048 x 1 active pixel CCD camera. Each pixel is 14 µm x 200 µm. This low power model does not require an external power supply or forced air-cooling, so it operates silently. The 78855 is powered by a USB 2.0 connection to a computer. The minimum cycle/exposure time that can be achieved with or without the external trigger 5 ms. In order to achieve this, an exposure time of zero must be specified. This minimal exposure time can be sustained as long as internal buffer space is available. A key performance parameter for the CCD is the maximum signal to noise ratio achievable by the camera. CCD sensors create high quality, low-noise images. Compared to CMOS sensors, a CCD sensor is far less susceptible to noise, making it ideally suited to spectroscopy applications. In short, CCD detectors are optimum for low signal measurements.

Note: Lenses with short focal lengths (less than 12 mm) produce images with a significant amount of distortion. If your application is sensitive to image distortion, try to increase the working distance and use a lens with a higher focal length. If you cannot change the working distance, you are somewhat limited in choosing a lens.

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Lenses are manufactured with a limited number of standard focal lengths. Common lens focal lengths include 6 mm, 8 mm, 12.5 mm, 25 mm, and 50 mm. Once you choose a lens whose focal length is closest to the focal length required by your imaging system, you need to adjust the working distance to get the object under inspection in focus.

To make an accurate measurement on the image, you need to use a minimum of two pixels per smallest feature that you want to detect. To do the calculation for the minimum sensor resolution, multiply two (pixels/smallest feature) times the size (in real-world units) of the field of view divided by the size of the smallest feature as shown in the following equation:

Follow two main steps to pick the minimum required camera resolution and to determine the correct focal length for your application.

CCD sensor

The LineSpec camera features an SMB connector used to provide an external trigger. The trigger activates on a low to high transition. When the trigger function is active, it effectively replaces the image interval time that would otherwise be set through the software. When a trigger occurs, it will begin the exposure period and wait for the exposure time, and then it will read out the frame. After the readout, it will immediately begin the next frame by waiting for the next trigger signal. A standard TTL signal is required for triggering, where 0.8V or lower is considered "low" and 2.4 V or greater is considered "high".

To ensure wavelength accuracy, the LineSpec software includes a calibration feature. By using a light source with a known set of spectral lines, the software fits a standard quadratic regression through the known peaks. Newport offers a wide selection of calibration light sources, depending on the spectral range of interest.

CCDdetector Telescope

Adapters are available to couple the LineSpec camera to the Oriel MS125 spectrograph and MS260i imaging spectrograph. This makes an effective UV spectrometer, UV-VIS spectrometer, or VIS-IR spectrometer solution. Each MS260i model sold includes a LineSpec adapter at the axial output port. For those wishing to use the MS125, the spectrograph, camera, adapter, grating, and slit can be ordered together under model number 78877. The LineSpec adapters may also be ordered separately to refit instruments already in the field.

CCDvs CMOS

Sensor format refers to the physical size of the sensor, but is not dependent on the pixel size. This specification is used to determine what lens the camera is compatible with. In order for a lens to be compatible with a camera, the format of the lens needs to be greater than or equal to the sensor format. If a lens with a smaller format is use, the image experiences vignetting; this causes regions of the sensor outside of the lens format area to be dark.

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The resolution of an image is the number of pixels in the image. This is in two dimensions; for example 640X480. The calculations can be done for each dimension separately; but, for simplicity, this is often reduced to one dimension.

Charge-coupled device

The Oriel® LineSpec™ model 78855 is a 2048 pixel linear array CCD camera. This plug and play USB camera operates from 200 to 1100 nm. The LineSpec includes an intuitive software package, an external trigger connector and USB cable.

Adapters are available to couple the LineSpec camera to the Oriel MS125 spectrograph and MS260i imaging spectrograph. This makes an effective UV spectrometer, UV-VIS spectrometer, or VIS-IR spectrometer solution. Each MS260i model sold includes a LineSpec adapter at the axial output port. For those wishing to use the MS125, the spectrograph, camera, adapter, grating, and slit can be ordered together under model number 78877. The LineSpec adapters may also be ordered separately to refit instruments already in the field.

The LineSpec software package is included with each camera at no extra cost. It provides an intuitive user interface to control the camera and acquire data. The software functions with Windows XP and Windows 7 (32-bit and 64-bit) operating systems. The software supports routine spectroscopic measurements and data acquisition, such as. Scans may be run as single, continuous, single or averaged. Users may adjust the exposure, running averages, and inter-sampling wait duration in real time. The software may be used to perform absorption, transmission and emission spectra measurements. It may be used with any spectrograph, provided the camera can be physically installed onto the instrument, as the software does not control the spectrograph.

Sensor size refers to the physical size of the sensor, and is typically not noted on specification sheets. The best way to determine sensor size is to look at the pixel size on the sensor and multiply by the resolution.

Generally, lenses have fixed focal lengths. Also, it is common that the working distance is flexible, so for simple calculations start out with a ratio of working distance to focal length. This will allow you to use specific lens focal lengths to determine the working distance needed. If the working distance is limited, then, by inverting this ratio, we get the ratio of focal length to working distance. This will allow you to use a range of working distance options to get a focal length range. Then once a lens is selected you can recalculate the exact working distance needed.