5.3.2.7        There shall be provisions for the ventilation of such enclosures per NFPA-58 (Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 3 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases).  Mechanical ventilation failure shall be alarmed.

The reason why TASERs® are so popular is they impact the sensory nerves and motor nerves, causing neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI). These are through the electrical pulses mentioned above. The TASER® causes involuntary stimulation of both the motor and sensory nerves that interferes with the assailant’s ability to use the affected muscles.

5.1.1        The area shall be posted “Danger-Flammable Gases, No Ignition Sources” using standard signs available from the Jefferson Lab Safety Lab (in Building 35 or by contacting the Physics Division ES&H Staff).  A list of responsible persons with their phone numbers shall also be posted.

5.3.2.5        The use of gas system enclosures to store oxidizers or gases used as fuels shall be prohibited.  These enclosures shall not be used to store items not relevant to the gas system.

5.2.12.7       A call list, including home telephone numbers and available pagers, of personnel familiar with the operation of the system.

It may surprise you, but stun guns have been around in some capacity since the 1700s. Pieter van Musschenbroek, a Dutch Physicist, and German inventor Ewald Georg von Kleist created the Leyden jar independently from each other. Kleist invented it in 1745, and Musschenbroek created his version in 1746.

5.2.12.2       An accurate piping and instrument diagram with symbols per ISA S5.1 (Instrument Society of America), including the normal set point of regulators.

A correctional officer carries a remote control that operates the belt making it easy to activate the belt. If an inmate acts out, the belt delivers a high voltage charge to the kidneys.

5.3.4        Fire sprinklers shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2002 edition, to protect any adjoining or enclosing buildings from a fire in the gas storage facility.  Sprinklers shall not be installed within the gas storage facility itself since it is not desirable to quench a gas fire with the leak still present.  (Note that this is an exception to the general rules for sprinkler installation at Jefferson Lab.)

Your state may have laws or regulations governing the use of stun guns, so it is important to check your particular area before purchasing one. There can be stiff penalties for having a TASER® illegally in areas with regulations against them.

5.2.10    Visual indication of the actual use of flammable gas shall be provided at both the storage location and at the experimental apparatus.  Such lights shall be controlled automatically and shall indicate actual “gas on” and “gas off” status in real time.  Flammable gas alarm status shall also be displayed at the locations of these warning lights.

The whole idea behind a stun gun is that it disrupts this whole communication process. Stun guns generate a low amperage, high-voltage electrical charge that disrupts the electrical system in your body.  Put simply, the charge doesn’t have much intensity, but there is a lot of pressure behind it.

5.1.8        Ventilation above one air change per hour shall be maintained in areas using or storing flammable gas if normal operational flow rates are less than 5 Standard Cubic Liters Per Minute (SCLM).  This ventilation may be accomplished by mechanical or natural ventilation.  For natural ventilation a room vent with a minimum of 1/2 square foot of free area shall be provided per 1000 cubic feet of room volume.  If normal operational flow rates are greater than or equal to 5 SCLM, supervised mechanical ventilation in accordance with Section 7-2.2.1(a) of NFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code, 2004 edition shall be provided (not applicable to outdoor Jefferson Lab storage).

5.2.9.1        A low level alarm no higher than 10% of the lower explosive limit (LEL) shall sound a local alarm and be used to initiate corrective action according to a plan included in the documentation of system operating procedures.

We may never have had stun guns in the future without the early electrical studies the Leyden jar allowed. Fast forward hundreds of years later to the cattle prod, the first product that used electricity as a non-lethal means of using electric shock to control animals. Many ranchers still use cattle prods today to move livestock.

Flammable gasFiggerits

TASERs® and TASER® XREPS are both designed to cause pain in addition to their electrical current. But the TASER® is not going to knock someone out unless they're hit on the head with it.

If the current is generated by a pulse frequency, then it imitates the body’s electrical signals. If this is the case, then the current may tell the assailant’s muscles to work a lot in a short timeframe. However, it doesn’t direct that work to any specific movement. These signals will leave your attacker too weak to move because it depletes their energy reserves.

People tend to view electricity as harmful because being struck by lightning or sticking your finger in an electrical outlet can kill you. But smaller amounts of electricity won’t hurt you, and it actually plays a critical role in the body. All your nerves fire with electrical signals.

Flammable gasin chemistry

It was a glass jar partially filled with water and corked. The cork was penetrated by a nail or wire that dipped into the water. You charged the jar by contacting the exposed end of the nail or wire with some type of friction device that created static electricity. You could demonstrate a charge by touching the nail or wire with your hand and break the contact, which would shock you.

Once you pick the glass up, the sensitive nerve cells send an electrical signal to the brain that tells you what the glass feels like in your hand. It really is an amazing process.

3.5              A written analysis of the Gas System Class is preferred; if the Gas System Class determination has not been documented in a written analysis, then Class II will be assigned by default.

5.3.2.6        Electrical installation shall comply with NEC Article 500, Hazardous (Classified) Locations.  The classification guidelines are provided in Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 4 Electrical Classification Guidelines and Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 5 Electrical Installation.

Flammable Gases may be diluted with inert gas to the point where the mixture is not flammable.  This standard does not apply to facilities using only non-flammable mixtures if they are pre-mixed and verified when obtained.  If a malfunction of an on-site mixing apparatus could cause a mixture to become flammable, the standard does apply to the worst case scenario.  The flammability of a mixture can be determined by referencing United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines Bulletins 503 and 627.  Contact the Physics Division ES&H Group for copies of these bulletins or the reference section in the Jefferson Lab library.

This document is controlled as an on line file.  It may be printed but the print copy is not a controlled document.  It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that the document is the same revision as the current on line file.  This copy was printed on 6/16/2016.

5.4.1        Outdoor installations shall meet all applicable sections of NFPA 55 Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks, 2003 Edition and 58 for outdoor storage, use, and handling of liquefied gasses.  In particular, designers of outdoor installations are cautioned to pay attention to the requirements of these standards for issues such as perimeter construction, roof construction, protection of stored gas from vehicle damage, weather protection, site terrain, etc., and to design the installation in a manner that separates adjacent storage tanks by at least the minimum allowed value based on the size of the tanks.

A typical TASER® will fire two electrodes, one from each side. The TASER® XREP projectile is designed to be shot remotely with a TASER® XREP Launcher, and it explodes on contact, firing up to ten small darts into the target.

5.1.6        Enclosed volumes containing piping or equipment shall be incapable of becoming pressurized.  For example, chest freezers shall not have latching doors.  Electrical devices enclosing or enclosed within these volumes shall be listed for use in Class 1, Division 2 locations per NEC Article 500 or otherwise be documented and approved as non-sparking devices.

The first actual version of the stun gun was the stun glove, where electricity ran into a glove through a tube. It was invented sometime in the 1930s but didn’t become widely used. The TASER® was invented in the 1960s when stun guns became a popular self-defense weapon. U.S. Marshals used the early TASERs® to subdue out-of-control prisoners on airplane flights.

Since then, the original TASER® was invented; its modern counterparts have become the most popular self-defense weapons anywhere because they are affordable, effective, and non-lethal.

Traditional stun guns work with pain compliance only and therefore do not affect an attacker with high pain tolerance like a drug user. But the TASER® causes pain and incapacitates an attacker. However, NMI depends on whether probe spread is sufficient, if it’s within close enough proximity to close a circuit, and if the circuit is maintained.

5.2.9.4        Automatic restart of flammable gas systems and power sources shall not be allowed after a high level alarm.  This restriction is intended to require a safety assessment of the situation.  In case of an alarm follow the local emergency plan.

Flammablegases list

3.1              An analysis of the gas system shall be conducted using the flowchart shown in Figure 1.  The analysis is based on the energy in the gas available for a fire, and classifies gas systems in order of increasing risk.  The flowchart in Figure 1 utilizes the limits on quantities of hydrogen gas.  These quantities must be adjusted for other gases using the heat of combustion as described in Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 7 Heats of Combustion.  The results of the analysis indicate the Gas System Class as described in Table 1.

Nonflammable Gasexamples

5.2.3        Joints shall be made by welding, brazing, pipe thread, or commercial fittings appropriately installed.  Custom-made fittings required by detector design shall provide secure connections.

Mostflammable gaslist

5.2.6        Provisions shall be made to purge the entire system with an inert gas.  If vacuum pumps are used for this, they shall be listed for flammable gas service.

When you stun an assailant, the high voltage allows a charge to pass through their skin and clothing. But at three milliamps, the charge isn’t intense enough to damage the attacker’s body unless you apply the stun gun for an extended period.

Procedures are the same as for Class 0, with the addition that if an independent reviewer or review panel is appointed, the E2RC must formally concur with the report of that review.  Approval by the Division Associate Director is required before the introduction of flammable gas into a system.

The biggest reason that makes the stun gun so effective is how it interacts with the body’s electrical system. TASERs® and stun guns each affect the body differently. But first, the body’s electrical system.

Both cattle prods and stun guns deliver electrical current through two electrodes, but cattle prods were designed to keep an animal moving and shock only where they come in contact.

Before beginning to follow this flowchart, the following determination is needed:  evaluate the total gas inventory in terms of the hydrogen equivalent Q using the heat of combustion as a scaling parameter.  The system may be separable into parts each with its own risk classification.  For enclosed storage facilities, the value of Q is determined by the total gas present.  For outdoor storage facilities, the value of Q is determined by the largest single container or manifold system.  For systems in which the gas is not in storage, the inventory is the sum of the mass in all containers, including detectors, piping, and manifolds.

5.2.14    The Physics Division ES&H group shall be notified before using any types of gas not found in the stockroom, and a copy of the SDS for the new gas shall be provided to both the Physics Division ES&H group and to the Jefferson Lab SDS Coordinator.  Reference ES&H Manual Chapter 6610 Chemical Hygiene and ES&H Manual Chapter 6610 Appendix T1 Safety Data Sheets

Stun batons allow an extended reach compared to stun guns. They are durable and lightweight, making them easy to hold and use, and they make great defense weapons against animals and people. Stun batons allow you to put some extra distance between you and your assailant and that extra space gives you an advantage.

For instance, if you want to drink a glass of water, your brain will send an electrical signal to a nerve cell toward the muscles in your arm. The signal tells the cell to release a neurotransmitter, known as a communication chemical, to the muscle cells. This neurotransmitter tells the muscles to expand or contract in the ways necessary for your arm to move to bring the glass of water to your mouth.

You can also use stun belts to immobilize someone, and they are mostly used in the prison system to control prisoners during transport and court proceedings. The belt itself is woven with thousands of volts capable of sending a charge through the person's body.

TASERs® can be very painful, and they work in a couple of different ways. One is by shooting two electrodes into the victim's skin from each side about an inch apart. The other way is called drive stun, where you take off the cartridge and drive the probes directly into the assailant's body, similar to how stun guns work.

3.4              Gas in cylinders connected to a piping system is included in the quantity calculation.  Nearby stored gas may be excluded from the quantity calculations if the stored quantity is less than the amounts listed in Table 2 for Class 0 or the storage is located outdoors.

Flammable gasexample

5.3.1        Storage and processing enclosures shall be constructed, where practical, to comply with the guidelines of Chapter 7 Liquefied Petroleum-Gas Liquid Transfer of NFPA-58 (see Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 3 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases) While this document is specifically applicable only to LP gas storage facilities, it is a useful guide.  Exceptions may be made with the written approval of the E2RC.

5.2.2        Piping requirements: Exceptions to this paragraph are permitted adjacent to experimental apparatus where needed for flexibility, electrical isolation, repairs or because of congestion.  This exception is limited to within five meters of the normal operating position.

3.3              Installations may be subdivided into separable parts if restrictions exist to keep the gas flow from one part to another from exceeding ten times the normal flow rate.  Normally, the separable parts will be in physically separate rooms.  The gas system Class shall be determined for each installation or separable part thereof using Figure 1.

Voltage is a measure of how much potential energy something has. It doesn't matter what kind of voltage we're talking about: AC or DC; it all measures in volts. For instance, the TASER® fires at 50 thousandths (0.05) of an amp, but the TASER® XREP uses about 13 milliamps (0.013 amps).

The gas system class analysis shall be reviewed by the Physics Division Experimental ES&H Review Committee (E2RC) or by an independent reviewer appointed by the committee, in which case a copy of the independent review shall be sent to the E2RC.  Approval by the Physics Division Safety Officer is required before the introduction of flammable gas into a system.

Flammable gassymbol

5.2.7        Pressure relief devices shall be provided to limit the pressure to the maximum working pressure in various parts of the system.  In the case of low pressure equipment, dedicated bubblers may be used as relief devices.  Common exhaust piping (where the flammable gas vent is shared with exhaust vents for other systems) shall not be used if equipment overpressure from any combination of devices sharing the exhaust could result due to built up back pressure.

This projectile was designed for law enforcement who need help with large groups of people. TASER® XREP's are designed to cause pain in addition to their electrical current, and they're more of a shotgun than regular TASERs®. It explodes on contact and shoots out up to 10 barbs so you can hit more people in crowd control situations.

Many early electrical experiments were conducted using the Leyden jar, which was fundamentally important to the study of electrostatics. This invention was the first way to collect and preserve electrical charges in large quantities that scientists could discharge at their will. The Leyden jar overcame the previous limitations to early research and study of electrical conduction.

The use of flammable gases in physics experiments presents a unique type of installation, requiring special considerations.  In many cases, mixing of gases is involved.  Large volumes of gases may be present; thus even small leaks or ruptures of thin windows may cause incursions into the flammable concentration region with a large inventory to support fire.  Some flammable gases may be stored in the liquid state, increasing the inventory.  Electrical equipment is an integral part of such installations and can thus provide an ignition source if such a system is improperly designed, fabricated, or operated.  The purpose of this procedure is to mitigate the hazards associated with storage and use of flammable gases.

5.2.1        The system, including vessels, chambers, supply and vent piping, and exhaust points shall be labeled “flammable gas.”

Examples of gas systems analysis are given in Flammable Gas Supplement Chapter 2 Examples of Gas System Class Determination.

5.1.2        Combustibles and ignition sources shall be minimized within 10 feet or three meters of gas handling equipment, piping or apparatus.

Although one does not need a license to carry a stun gun like a firearm, some states have certain laws and regulations that prohibit them. Check your local laws before considering your purchase.

5.3.2.1        All storage enclosures shall be maintained free of standing water and/or ice to prevent falls of personnel handling gas system components.

Many people aren’t aware of the difference between volts and amps, so let's start there. Voltage is the measure of the pressure that allows the flow of electrons, while amperage is the volume of electrons.

5.1.7        Leaks from experimental devices such as drift chambers shall be measured and documented prior to initial operation (with nonflammable gas, if possible).  Leakage above seven liters/hour from any one chamber shall be mitigated.  Recheck for leaks after major repairs or modifications, and at least every twelve months.  Leakage exceeding 20% of the lower explosive limit at a distance over five centimeters from an identified “point” leak shall be repaired.

5.4              Outdoor Installations are subject to the following requirements in addition to applicable Class 0, 1, or 2 requirements outlined above.

5.2.9        Flammable gas detectors shall be installed near equipment installations, mixing stations, and in storage sheds (the measures in this requirement are not necessary for outdoor storage applications):

5.2.11    Possible Oxygen Deficiency Hazards shall be addressed according to ES&H Manual Chapter 6540 Oxygen Deficiency Hazard (ODH) Control Program.  The hazard shall be considered for each building or room using or storing flammable or inert gas.

Everyone should know how to defend themselves as it’s a critical survival skill.  Of all the self-defense tools available on the market, TASERs® and stun guns are some of the most popular and effective weapons. But many people don’t know the difference between TASERs® and stun guns or how they work. So here is everything you need to know about what stun guns are and how they work.

This standard applies to activities using flammable gases, whether part of approved experiments taking beam or in testing labs and shops on the Jefferson Lab site.  This standard specifically excludes liquid hydrogen target systems, gases used as fuels, gases used for welding, burning and brazing procedures.  See ES&H Manual Chapter 6122 Welding, Brazing, Cutting, and Grinding Safety and ES&H Manual Chapter 6150 Compressed, Liquefied, and Solidified Gas Program.  If the amount of flammable gas stored at any single location exceeds 10,000 pounds, the requirements of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 29 part 1910 “Occupational Safety and Health Standards,” shall also be followed.

A TASER® is designed to disrupt the electrical system of the human body. Stun guns deliver painful jolts that cause temporary loss of balance and muscle control without affecting heart rate or respiration. A TASER® also works from a distance up to 15 feet away, while stun guns can only work in close quarters.

5.2.9.2        A high level alarm no higher than 25% of the lower explosive limit (LEL) shall summon the Newport News Fire Department through the Jefferson Lab fire alarm network.  This high level alarm shall also automatically shut off the supply of flammable gas and turn off power to potential ignition sources within 10 feet or three meters of operative gas usage apparatus.

One of the newest self-defense weapons is the liquid-filled TASER®. This TASER® allows you to tase an assailant from further away than a regular TASER® without making contact with them at all. These devices work the same as standard TASERs®, except they use a liquid stream instead of wires.

Stun guns and Tasers are great options for self-defense; just make sure you check with state and local laws before you buy one. These less-lethal self-defense weapons have taken protection to a whole different level by incapacitating an assailant so you can get away.

The charge confuses the person’s nervous system and causes a few other things to occur. First, the charge combines with the electric signals coming from your assailants’ brain and mixes it with noise, so it’s more difficult for their body’s muscles to move. This charge temporarily partially paralyzes them.

3.2              The upper limit for a Class 0 gas system is the combustion energy in 0.6 kg of hydrogen.  The equivalent quantities of some typical flammable gases are given in Table 2.  This equivalence is scaled according to the heat of combustion of the gas.

5.1.9        Welding permits (Fire Hazard Work Permit) Reference ES&H Manual 6122 Appendix T2 Fire Protection: Hot Work Permits shall not be issued for areas within 35 feet or ten meters of the equipment containing flammable gas unless approved in advance by the responsible Division/Section head or designee.

5.2.12.4       A plan view of the installation including the locations of flammable gas detector heads with their elevations marked.

5.2.12.5       Procedures for normal and abnormal operations including purging, start-up, gas bottle changes, mixing, leak detection, tests, alarms, shutdown, emergency situations, and ventilation.

Flammable gaspropane

5.2.4        The entire piping system shall be pneumatically tested for leaks at approximately 0.9 times the relief pressure before operating the system.  Any piping with relief valve settings above 150 psig shall be tested at 1.25 times the relief pressure.

Nothing in this document is intended to prevent the use of methods or materials of equivalent or superior quality to those prescribed below.  The E2RC will review documented requests for equivalency.

We have the best TASER® for sale, and they can truly protect your loved ones in the event of an intruder. But self-defense stun guns can be a good alternative to TASERs®, too. They come in multiple shapes and sizes, such as keychain stun guns. These work solely on an electrical current that disrupts your body's system and causes you to lose control of muscles in the area where it is applied. It works the neuromuscular system mentioned previously.

5.2.8        Relief devices in flammable gas service with a capacity over two standard liters per minute shall be vented outdoors.  The exhaust locations shall be chosen to minimize fire hazards and shall not be within 10 feet or three meters of an air intake.  Vents shall be protected from clogging by debris, snow, or ice.

It shoots TASERs® at up to 50 yards away and has the ability to charge those TASERs® with heavier cartridges, giving them more power and range. It can be a great help with subduing large animals like a cow that has escaped the stock sale and threatens people in a downtown area. And since it isn’t lethal, it doesn’t kill the animal.

5.1.5        All gas cylinders shall be secured.  Cylinders not in use shall be capped.  Empty cylinders shall be removed at the earliest convenient date or on a predetermined, regular schedule coordinated with vendor delivery of new cylinders.  See also ES&H Manual Chapter 6150 Compressed, Liquefied, and Solidified Gas Program.

The best part is that the electrodes allow you to affect a larger portion of muscles, depending on their spread. Any part of the body becomes a great target because of the way TASERs® affect the human body.

5.1.4        An orifice, excess flow valve or other fixed means of limiting the flow to no higher than ten times the maximum operational flow rate shall be installed.

5.2.9.3        “Crash buttons” shall be provided to accomplish the shutdowns described above.  These devices shall be conveniently located, and one shall be adjacent to the fire alarm panel, if present.  Crash buttons should shut off all flammable gas sources which could conceivably be confused by unfamiliar person in a state of panic.  Crash buttons shall be labeled “Gas System and Experiment Power Shutdown.”  They shall be located on the Building Evacuation Plan Maps.