(3) Is made up of enough 15.2 meters (50 foot) or greater lengths of wire rope to permit use of the outfit in any location on the unit;

(a) If a fixed foam extinguishing system has outlets in a main machinery space, at least 2 fire hydrants, in addition to the fire hydrants required by § 108.423 of this subpart, must be installed outside the entrances to the space with each at a separate entrance.

§ 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment. § 108.419 - Fire main capacity. § 108.421 - Location of fire pumps and associated equipment. § 108.423 - Fire hydrants and associated equipment. § 108.425 - Fire hoses and associated equipment. § 108.427 - International shore connection. § 108.429 - Fire main system protection. § 108.401 - Fire main system. § 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(i) Piping in a CO2 system that passes through accommodation spaces must not have drains or other openings within these spaces.

(b) The lockout valve must be a manually operated valve located in the discharge manifold prior to the stop valve or selector valves. When in the closed position, the lockout valve must provide complete isolation of the system from the protected space or spaces, making it impossible for carbon dioxide to discharge in the event of equipment failure during maintenance.

(a) Each helicopter landing deck on which fueling operations are conducted must have a fire protection system that discharges protein foam or aqueous film forming foam.

Fire mainmeaning

The diameter of the fire main must be sufficient for the effective distribution of the maximum required discharge from two fire pumps operating simultaneously.

(j) If gas pressure is used to release CO2 from a system having more than 2 cylinders, the system must have at least 2 pilot cylinders to release the CO2 from the remaining cylinders.

(b) A foam extinguishing system in a space that has a boiler on a flat that is open to or can drain into a lower portion of the space must have enough outlets to spread a layer of foam of uniform thickness over the—

§ 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

Very clean steel—i.e., with low oxygen and sulfur content—can be produced in the EAF by a two-slag practice. After removal of slag from the first oxidizing meltdown, new slag formers are added that contain carbon or aluminum or both as reducing agents. The new reducing slag may consist of 65 percent lime, 20 percent silica, calcium carbide or alumina (or all three), and practically no iron oxide. Alloys, which oxidize easily, are added at this time to minimize losses and to improve metallurgical control. Refining continues under the reducing slag until the heat is ready for tapping. Total heat time is one to four hours, depending on the type of steel made—that is, on the amount of refining applied and auxiliary heating used. Many shops do not apply a two-slag practice but treat the steel, after scrap meltdown and tapping, in ladle treatment stations. These secondary metallurgical plants, discussed below, allow the EAF to run only as a highly efficient scrap melter.

§ 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.425 - Fire hoses and associated equipment. § 108.427 - International shore connection. § 108.429 - Fire main system protection. § 108.401 - Fire main system. § 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(a) All tubing in a pneumatic fire detection system must be on the overhead or within 300 millimeters (12 inches) of the overhead on a bulkhead in a location where—

(d) Small independent systems protecting emergency generator rooms, lamp lockers and similar small spaces need not meet the tests prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section if they are tested by blowing out the piping with air at a pressure of at least 7 kilograms per square centimeter (100 pounds per square inch).

§ 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this subpart is arranged so that it covers both a helicopter fueling facility and a landing deck, the system must have the quantity of agents required by this section in addition to the quantity required by § 108.487.

(3) Lined commercial fire hose that meets Standard 19 of the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., (1971 edition) or Federal Specification ZZ-H-451f.

§ 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(d) If a fire pump has a reducing station, the relief valve required by paragraph (a) of this section for the pump and the additional pressure gauge required in paragraph (c) of this section must not be located on the discharge side of the reducing station.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each cylinder of a CO2 system must be outside each space protected by the system and in a location that would be accessible if a fire occurred in any space protected by the system.

§ 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.401 - Fire main system. § 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(b) Distribution piping within a space must be proportioned from the supply line to give proper distribution to the outlets without throttling.

(3) A 160-B fire extinguisher approved under § 162.028 or § 162.039 of this chapter for each fueling facility up to 300 square feet (27.87 square meters). Extinguishers with larger numerical ratings or multiple letter designations may be used to meet this requirement.

Most scrap yards keep various grades of scrap separated. High-alloy shops, such as stainless-steel producers, accumulate, purchase, and charge scrap of similar composition to the steel they make in order to minimize expensive alloying additions.

(2) Aqueous film forming foam at the rate of 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes.

§ 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(d) A valve is considered a lockout valve if it has a hasp or other means of attachment to which, or through which, a lock can be affixed, or it has a locking mechanism built into it.

(c) Each nozzle for a firehose in a fire main system must be a combination solid stream and water spray firehose nozzle that is approve under subpart 162.027. Combination solid stream and water spray nozzles previously approved under subpart 162.027 of this chapter may be retained so long as they are maintained in good condition to the satisfaction of the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection.

§ 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(d) At least one of the control stations in a CO2 system that protects a machinery space must be as near as practicable to one of the main escapes from that space.

(c) Semi-portable extinguishers must be fitted with suitable hoses and nozzles, or other practicable means, so that all areas of the space can be protected.

(ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; and

(c) The location, size, and number of each portable and semiportable fire extinguisher on a unit must be acceptable to the appropriate OCMI. The OCMI may require extinguishers in addition to those prescribed in Table 108.495(a) if he considers them necessary for fire protection on the unit.

(a) A fire main system must have enough fire hydrants so that each accessible space may be sprayed with at least two spray patterns of water.

(a) Each portable and semi-portable fire extinguisher on a unit must be approved under subpart 162.028 or 162.039 of this chapter.

§ 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(d) Each hand portable and semiportable fire extinguisher that has a nameplate which states that it is to be protected from freezing, must be located where freezing temperatures do not occur.

Fire mainsystem

§ 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

Several EAFs are operated by direct current (DC) instead of alternating current (AC). DC furnaces normally have only one very large electrode extending through the centre of the roof, with the counter electrode embedded in the furnace bottom and contacting the melt. A hot heel is kept in the furnace to ensure a good current flow through the charge. Power and electrode consumption is lower than in regular AC furnaces. The DC arc has a steadier and quieter burn, which results in less disturbance of the surrounding power system and less noise around the furnace. The electrical equipment is smaller but still expensive because of the required rectifiers. Critical in DC furnace operation are the short life of the bottom electrode, integrity of the hearth, and current limitations with a one-electrode system. Furnaces with capacities up to 130 tons are in operation.

§ 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(a) At least one control for operating a CO2 system must be outside the space or spaces that the system protects and in a location that would be accessible if a fire occurred in any space that the system protects. Control valves must not be located in a protected space unless the CO2 cylinders are also in the protected space.

(a) Each helicopter fueling facility must have a fire protection system that discharges one of the following agents in the amounts prescribed for the agents over the area of the fuel containment systems around marine portable tanks, fuel transfer pumps and fuel hose reels:

(c) A CO2 system that protects only one space must have a stop valve installed between the cylinders and the discharge outlets in the system, except on a system that has a CO2 supply of 136 kilograms (300 pounds) or less.

(2) Beams or girders extending below the ceiling or other obstructions do not detract from the effectiveness of the tubing; and

(c) A pneumatic fire detection system must be set to activate after approximately a 22 °C. (40 °F.) per minute increase in temperature at the center of the circuit in the system.

(a) Each pipe, valve, and fitting in a foam extinguishing system must meet the applicable requirements in Subchapter F of this chapter.

(b) If a foam system has outlets in more than one tank or space, the system need have only enough foam producing material to cover the largest space that the system covers or, if the liquid surface of a tank covered by the system is larger, the tank with the largest liquid surface.

(e) The master or person-in-charge must ensure that the valve is locked open at all times, except while maintenance is being performed on the extinguishing system, when the valve must be locked in the closed position.

Each CO2 system must have enough gas to meet the quantity requirements of § 108.439 for the space requiring the greatest amount of CO2.

EAF plants are smaller and less expensive to build than integrated steelmaking plants, which, in addition to basic oxygen furnaces, contain blast furnaces, sinter plants, and coke batteries for the making of iron. EAFs are also cost-efficient at low production rates—e.g., 150,000 tons per year—while basic oxygen furnaces and their associated blast furnaces can pay for themselves only if they produce more than 2,000,000 tons of liquid steel per year. Moreover, EAFs can be operated intermittently, while a blast furnace is best operated at very constant rates. The electric power used in EAF operation, however, is high, at 360 to 600 kilowatt-hours per ton of steel, and the installed power system is substantial. A 100-ton EAF often has a 70-megavolt-ampere transformer.

§ 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(g) If a cylinder does not have a check valve on its independent cylinder discharge, it must have a plug or cap to close the outlet when the cylinder is moved.

Each air tight or vapor tight space, such as a paint locker, that is protected by a CO2 system must have a means for releasing pressure that accumulates within the space if CO2 is discharged into the space.

§ 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(d) Each system must have at least one hose at each of the two access routes required by § 108.235(f) of this part. Each hose must be reel mounted and long enough to cover any point on the helicopter deck. Each hose that discharges foam must have a nozzle that has foam stream, foam spray, and off positions.

(1) Protein foam at the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes.

Firepump

(b) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 70 kilograms per square centimeter (1000 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the leakage in the piping from the cylinders to the stop valves in the manifold must not allow a pressure drop of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2 minute period.

(a) Each CO2 system that has a supply of more than 136 kilograms (300 pounds) of CO2, except a system that protects a tank, must have an alarm that sounds for at least 20 seconds before the CO2 is released into the space.

(2) Is made of bronze wire rope, inherently corrosion resistant steel wire rope, or galvanized or tinned steel wire rope;

Fire mainpipe

(b) If a machinery space includes a casing, the gross volume of the space may be calculated using the reductions allowed in 46 CFR 95.10-5(e).

§ 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(4) Each enclosed space containing a fuel oil unit, including purifiers, valves, or manifolds for main propulsion machinery or internal combustion machinery with an aggregate power of at least 1000 B.H.P.

(b) A CO2 system that protects more than one space must have a manifold with a stop valve, the normal position of which is closed, that directs the flow of CO2 to each protected space.

§ 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(c) Each carbon dioxide system cylinder must be fabricated, tested, and marked in accordance with §§ 147.60 and 147.65 of this chapter.

§ 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(b) Each space containing an oil fired boiler, the fuel oil unit or valves for the boiler, or manifolds in the line between the fuel settling tanks and the boiler on a unit must have a fixed gas type, foam, or other approved fire extinguishing system.

§ 108.415 - Fire pump: General. § 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment. § 108.419 - Fire main capacity. § 108.421 - Location of fire pumps and associated equipment. § 108.423 - Fire hydrants and associated equipment. § 108.425 - Fire hoses and associated equipment. § 108.427 - International shore connection. § 108.429 - Fire main system protection. § 108.401 - Fire main system. § 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

Fire mainsystem diagram

(b) Each part of the fire main system located on an exposed deck must either be protected against freezing or be fitted with cutout valves and drain valves to shut off and drain the entire exposed system in freezing weather.

§ 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(c) Each space protected by a CO2 system must have the following means for closing the openings to the space from outside the space:

§ 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(a) The frame or support of each semi-portable fire extinguisher required by Table 108.495(a), except a wheeled semi-portable extinguisher provided for a helicopter landing deck, must be welded or otherwise permanently attached to a bulkhead or deck.

§ 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(b) If tubing in a tubing circuit is installed in an enclosed space, at least 5% of the tubing in the circuit must be exposed in the space, except that at least 7.6 meters (25 feet) of tubing must always be exposed in the space.

(c) If fuel can drain from a space to an adjacent space or if two spaces are not entirely separate, the requirements for both spaces must be used to determine the amount of CO2 to be provided and the CO2 system must be arranged to discharge into both spaces simultaneously.

(b) If the outlets of a protein foam extinguishing system are in a tank, the foam rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank.

(a) Each foam agent, each tank for a foam agent, each discharge outlet, each control, and each valve for the operation of a foam extinguishing system must be approved by the Commandant.

(d) Each cylinder in a CO2 system must be securely fastened, supported, protected from damage, in an accessible location, and capable of removal from that location.

§ 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

Fire mainon ship

§ 108.423 - Fire hydrants and associated equipment. § 108.425 - Fire hoses and associated equipment. § 108.427 - International shore connection. § 108.429 - Fire main system protection. § 108.401 - Fire main system. § 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(d) Each CO2 system must have a pressure relief valve set to relieve between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the distribution manifold or other location that protects the piping when all branch line shut off valves are closed.

§ 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

A fire main system must have at least two independently driven fire pumps that can each deliver water at a continuous pitot tube pressure of at least 3.5 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 50 pounds per square inch) at least two fire hose nozzles that are connected to the highest two fire hydrants on the unit. Alternative designs that meet the pressure requirement of this paragraph will be considered for column stabilized and self elevating units.

After tapping a heat, the roof is moved away, and the hearth is inspected and, when necessary, repaired. An overhead crane then charges the furnace with scrap from a cylindrical bucket that is open on the top for loading and fitted with a drop bottom for quick charging. Scrap buckets are loaded in such a manner as to assure a cushioning of heavy scrap when the load drops onto the hearth in order to obtain good electrical conductivity in the charge, low risk of electrode breakage, and good furnace wall protection during meltdown. Carbon and slag formers are sometimes added to the charge to prevent overoxidation of the steel and to quicken slag formation. After charging one bucket, the roof is moved back to the furnace, and the electrodes are lowered. Meltdown begins with a low power setting until the electrodes have burned themselves into the light scrap on top of the charge, protecting the sidewalls from overheating during higher-power meltdown. Leaving some scrap unmelted at the furnace wall for its protection, a second bucket is charged and the same meltdown procedure is followed. Melting very light scrap sometimes requires the charging of a third or even fourth bucket.

(a) A foam extinguishing system in a space must have enough outlets to spread a layer of foam of uniform thickness over the deck or bilge areas of the space.

§ 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(a) If the outlets of a protein foam extinguishing system are in a space, the foam rate at each outlet must be at least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered by the systems.

§ 108.429 - Fire main system protection. § 108.401 - Fire main system. § 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

In order to lower power consumption, scrap can be preheated in both batch and continuous processes, often utilizing the heat of furnace off-gases. Scrap preheating to 500° C (930° F) cuts power consumption by 40 to 50 kilowatt-hours per ton, and decreases tap-to-tap time and electrode consumption. Sometimes scrap is preheated inside the EAF by oxyfuel burners, but this requires a large off-gas system for handling combustion gases. In addition, for better mixing and heat transfer, electromagnetic coils or permeable refractory blocks for gas stirring are often installed in furnace bottoms. Applying these methods and using the EAF as a scrap melter can reduce power and electrode consumption to a mere 360 kilowatt-hours per ton and three kilograms per ton. Heat times are reduced to about one hour. This means, by applying methods originally developed for the basic oxygen process, the EAF can approach the steelmaking rates of the BOF.

(b) A Type II or Type III flashlight constructed and marked in accordance with ASTM F 1014 (incorporated by reference, see § 108.101).

(k) If the entrance to a space containing the CO2 supply or controls of a CO2 system has a lock, the space must have a key to the lock in a break-glass type box that is next to and visible from the entrance.

§ 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

Each smoke accumulator in a smoke detection system must be located on the overhead of the compartment protected by the system in a location—

The major charge material of electric-arc steelmaking is scrap steel, and its availability at low cost and proper quality is essential. The importance of scrap quality becomes apparent when making steels of high ductility, which must have a total maximum content of residuals (i.e., copper, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and tin) of 0.2 percent. Most of these residuals are present in scrap and, instead of oxidizing during steelmaking, they accumulate and increase in recycled scrap. In such cases some shops augment their scrap charges with direct-reduced iron or cold blast-furnace iron, which do not contain residuals. Generally, the higher contents of carbon, nitrogen, and residuals make the electric-arc process less attractive for producing low-carbon, ductile steels.

(b) Each foam agent tank and each control and valve for the operation of a foam extinguishing system with outlets in a space must be outside the space and must not be in a space that may become inaccessible if a fire occurs in the space.

(i) Each system must have a manual control at its cylinders for releasing CO2 from the cylinders, except that if the system has pilot cylinders, a manual control is not required for other than pilot cylinders.

Most furnace walls are made of replaceable, water-cooled panels; these are covered inside by sprayed-on refractories and slag for protection and to keep heat loss down. The roof is also made of water-cooled panels and has three circular openings, equally spaced, for insertion of the cylindrical electrodes. Another large roof opening, the so-called fourth hole, is used for off-gas removal. Additional openings in the furnace wall, with water-cooled doors, are used for lance injection, sampling, testing, inspection, and repair. The roof and electrodes can be lifted and moved away for charging scrap and for hearth maintenance.

(f) Each CO2 system that has a stop valve must have a remote control that operates only the stop valve and must have a separate remote control for releasing the required amount of CO2 into the space protected by the system.

Firemains and hydrants

(2) Beams and girders extending below the ceiling of the space protected and any other obstructions do not detract from the effectiveness of the detector; and

(a) Each pipe, valve, and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch).

The graphite electrodes, produced to high standards by a specialized industry, are actually strings of individual electrodes bolted end to end by short graphite nipples. This is done because shorter electrodes are easier to manufacture, transport, and handle. Electrode diameters depend on furnace size; a 100-ton EAF typically uses 600-millimetre electrodes. Three electrode strings are each clamped to arms that extend over the furnace roof and that are bolted to a vertically movable mast located beside the furnace. The mast controls the distance between each electrode tip and the scrap or melt, thereby regulating the arc length and current flow. Power-supply equipment—normally a step-down transformer, vacuum circuit breakers, a tap changer for electrode voltage control, and a furnace transformer—is installed in a concrete vault a short distance from the furnace. Heavy water-cooled cables and the power-carrying arms connect the furnace transformer with the electrodes.

§ 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(b) Low pressure systems, that is, those in which the carbon dioxide is stored in liquid form at low temperature, must be approved by the Commandant.

(a) Each unit must have the hand portable and semiportable fire extinguishers prescribed in Table 108.495(a) of this subpart and installed in the locations prescribed in the table.

(a) Each pipe and fire hydrant in a fire main system must be installed to the extent practicable in locations that are not exposed to damage by materials that are moved on or onto the deck.

(i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes;

(c) A foam extinguishing system for a tank must have enough outlets to spread a layer of foam of uniform thickness over the surface of the liquid in the tank.

(1) Use National Standard fire hose coupling threads for the 1 1/2 inch (38 millimeter) and 2 1/2 inch (64 millimeter) hose sizes, i.e., 9 threads per inch for 1 1/2 inch hose, and 7 1/2 threads per inch for 2 1/2 inch hose; or

§ 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(b) Water supply rate to the fire hydrants required by § 108.415 of this subpart allows compliance with the pressure requirement in that section.

Each enclosed ventilating system for electric motors or generators not used for vital services must have an access into the system for firefighting or be protected by a fixed fire protection system.

(a) Each test prescribed in (b), (c), and (d) of this section must be performed upon completion of the piping installation.

(c) Each space that contains cylinders of a CO2 system must be ventilated and designed to prevent an ambient temperature of more than 54 °C. (130 °F.)

The electric-arc furnace (EAF) is a squat, cylindrical vessel made of heavy steel plates. It has a dish-shaped refractory hearth and three vertical electrodes that reach down through a dome-shaped, removable roof (see figure). The shell diameter of a 10-, 100-, and 300-ton EAF is approximately 2.5, 6, and 9 metres. The shell sits on a hydraulically operated rocker that tilts the furnace forward for tapping and backward for slag removal. The bottom—i.e., the hearth—is lined with tar-bonded magnesite bricks and has on one side a slightly inclined taphole and a spout or, as shown in the figure, an oval hearth and a vertical taphole. With this latter arrangement, a furnace needs be tilted only 10° for tapping, producing a tight and short tap stream that decreases heat loss and reoxidation of the liquid steel. Before charging, the vertical taphole is closed from the outside by a movable bottom plate and is filled with refractory sand.

(b) In a main machinery space, except a shaft alley with no assigned space for stowage of combustibles, each spray pattern of water must be from one length of fire hose and each must be from a separate outlet. In all other spaces at least one spray pattern of water must be from one length of fire hose.

After meltdown, the carbon level in the steel is about 0.25 percent above the final tap level, which prevents overoxidation of the melt. By this time a basic slag has formed, typically consisting of 55 percent lime, 15 percent silica, and 15 to 20 percent iron oxide. Slag foaming is often generated by injecting carbon or a lime-carbon mixture, which reacts with the iron oxide in the slag to produce carbon monoxide gas. This foam shields the sidewall and permits a higher power setting. As required, the carbon content of the steel is either decreased by oxygen blowing or increased by carbon injection. Samples are taken, the temperature is checked, additions are made, and, when all conditions are right, the furnace is tapped by rotating it forward so that the steel flows over the spout or through the vertical taphole into a ladle. When slag appears, a quick back tilt is applied and the slag is poured through the rear door of the furnace into a slag pot. Some shops leave 15 percent of the liquid steel in the furnace. This “hot heel” practice permits complete slag separation.

Each fire pump required by § 108.415, and the source of power, controls, sea connections for the fire pump, and booster pumps, if installed, must be installed in locations where, if a fire occurs in an enclosed space, all of the fire pumps on the unit are not made inoperative, except that if compliance with this requirement is impracticable, a gas type extinguishing system may be installed to protect at least one of the fire pumps, its source of power, and controls.

§ 108.421 - Location of fire pumps and associated equipment. § 108.423 - Fire hydrants and associated equipment. § 108.425 - Fire hoses and associated equipment. § 108.427 - International shore connection. § 108.429 - Fire main system protection. § 108.401 - Fire main system. § 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(a) The minimum pipe size for the initial charge must meet table 108.441 and the discharge of the required amount of CO2 must be completed within 2 minutes.

(c) Each system must have operating controls at each of its hose locations, be protected from icing and freezing, and be capable of operation within 10 seconds after activation of its controls.

§ 108.419 - Fire main capacity. § 108.421 - Location of fire pumps and associated equipment. § 108.423 - Fire hydrants and associated equipment. § 108.425 - Fire hoses and associated equipment. § 108.427 - International shore connection. § 108.429 - Fire main system protection. § 108.401 - Fire main system. § 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(a) The number of pounds of CO2 required to protect a space must be equal to the gross volume of the space divided by the appropriate factor from Table 108.439.

From time to time, as the arc erodes their tips and the high-temperature furnace atmosphere oxidizes their bodies, new electrodes are added to the top of the electrode strings at the furnace. Electrodes are consumed at the rate of three to six kilograms per ton of steel, depending on the type of operation.

§ 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

At least two of the accesses to the helicopter landing deck must each have a fire hydrant on the unit's fire main system located next to them.

(c) The pipe used for the initial discharge must not be used for the delayed discharge, except systems having a volume of less than 57 cubic meters (2,000 cubic feet).

(2) Doors, shutters, dampers or temporary means such as canvas or other material normally on board a unit may be used for closing each opening in the upper portion of the space.

§ 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

§ 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

About one-quarter of the world’s steel is produced by the electric-arc method, which uses high-current electric arcs to melt steel scrap and convert it into liquid steel of a specified chemical composition and temperature. External arc heating permits better thermal control than does the basic oxygen process, in which heating is accomplished by the exothermic oxidation of elements contained in the charge. This allows larger alloy additions to be made than are possible in basic oxygen steelmaking. However, electric-arc steelmaking is not as oxidizing, and slag-metal mixing is not as intense; therefore, electric-arc steels normally have carbon contents higher than 0.05 percent. In addition, they usually have a higher nitrogen content of 40 to 120 parts per million, compared with 30 to 50 parts per million in basic-oxygen steels. Nitrogen, which renders steel brittle, is absorbed by liquid steel from air in the high-temperature zone of the arc. The nitrogen content can be lowered by blowing other gases into the furnace, by heating with a short arc, and by applying a vigorous carbon monoxide boil or argon stir to the melt.

Firehydrant

(a) Mechanical ventilation for spaces protected by a CO2 system must be designed to shut down automatically when the system is activated.

§ 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(a) A pressure-demand, open-circuit, self-contained breathing apparatus, approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and having at a minimum a 30-minute air supply, a full facepiece, and a spare charge; but a self-contained compressed-air breathing apparatus previously approved by MSHA and NIOSH under part 160, subpart 160.011, of this chapter may continue in use as required equipment if it was part of the vessel's equipment on November 23, 1992, and as long as it is maintained in good condition to the satisfaction of the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection;

(g) Clothing that protects the skin from scalding steam and the heat of fire and that has a water resistant outer surface.

§ 108.427 - International shore connection. § 108.429 - Fire main system protection. § 108.401 - Fire main system. § 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(d) A combination solid stream and water spray firehose nozzle previously approved under subpart 162.027 of this chapter, must have a low-velocity water spray applicator also previously approved under subpart 162.027 of this chapter when installed in—

(5) Each enclosed ventilation system for electric motors or generators used for vital services including bilge pumps, fire pumps, or propulsion.

§ 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(c) Each pipe, valve, and fitting made of ferrous materials in a CO2 system must be protected inside and outside from corrosion.

(b) Each detector must be set to activate at not less than 57 °C (135 °F) and at not more than 73 °C (165 °F), except that if a space normally has a high ambient temperature each detector may be set to activate at not less than 80 °C (175 °F) and not more than 107 °C (225 °F).

(2) Have at least the amount of foam agent needed to cover an area equivalent to the swept rotor area of the largest helicopter for which the deck is designed with foam at—

(b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05 millimeters ( 3/4 inch) inside diameter or less must be at least Schedule 40 (standard weight) and all piping of nominal size over 19.05 millimeters ( 3/4 inch) inside diameter must be at least Schedule 80 (extra heavy).

(b) Each audible alarm for a CO2 system must have the CO2 supply for the system as its source of power and must be in a visible location in the spaces protected.

(g) Each CO2 system that does not have a stop valve must be operated by a remote control that releases the required amount of CO2 into the space protected by the system.

(c) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 42 kilograms per square centimeter (600 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the leakage in each branch line must not allow a pressure drop of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2-minute period. The distribution piping must be capped within the protected space.

(f) A cylinder in a CO2 system may not be mounted in a position that is inclined more than 30° from a vertical position, except that a cylinder having flexible or bent siphon tubes may be mounted in a position that is inclined up to 80° from the vertical. The bottom of each cylinder when mounted must be at least 5 centimeters (2 inches) from the deck.

(c) Fire pumps may be used for other purposes. One of the required pumps must be kept available for use on the fire system at all times. If a fire pump is used in a system other than the fire main system, except for branch lines connected to the fire main for deck washing, each pipe connecting the other system must be connected to the pump discharge through a shut off valve at a manifold near the pump. If the fire pump exceeds the pressure in § 108.417(a), the pipe leading from the discharge manifold to other portions of the fire main system must have a reducing station and a pressure gauge in addition to the pressure gauge required by paragraph (b) of this section.

Each machinery flat in a space that has a foam extinguishing system must have coamings that are high enough to retain spilled oil and foam on the flat on all openings except deck drains.

(a) A lockout valve must be provided on any carbon dioxide extinguishing system protecting a space over 6,000 cubic feet in volume and installed or altered after July 9, 2013. “Altered” means modified or refurbished beyond the maintenance required by the manufacturer's design, installation, operation and maintenance manual.

(1) Previously installed extinguishers with extinguishing capacities smaller than what is required in Table 108.495 of this subpart need not be replaced and may be continued in service so long as they are maintained in good condition to the satisfaction of the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection.

(b) A CO2 system that has a CO2 supply of 136 kilograms (300 pounds) or less may have one or more cylinders in the space protected by the system if the space has a heat detection system to activate the system automatically in addition to the remote and manual controls required by this subpart.

(b) Each space that is protected by a CO2 system and that has natural ventilation must have a means for closing that ventilation.

Table 1 to § 108.495 indicates the minimum required number and type of fire extinguishers for each space listed. Extinguishers with larger numerical ratings or multiple letter designations may be used if the extinguishers meet the requirements of the table.

(1) Have a chart or diagram next to the alarm that shows the location of the zones in the system and that contains the instructions for operating, and testing the system;

Each water pump in a foam extinguishing system must be outside each machinery space in which the system has outlets and must not receive power from any of those spaces.

(a) Each fire pump in a fire main system must have a relief valve on its discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch), whichever is greater. A relief valve may be omitted if the pump operating under shut off condition is not capable of developing the pressure described in § 108.415 plus 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (25 pounds per square inch).

§ 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(b) If the following semi-portable fire extinguishers have wheels, they must be securely stowed when not in use to prevent them from rolling out of control under heavy sea conditions:

(d) The total area of all discharge outlets must be more than 35 percent and less than 85 percent of the nominal cylinder outlet area or the area of the supply pipe, whichever is smaller. The nominal cylinder outlet area in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0022 by the number of pounds of CO2 required). The nominal cylinder outlet area must not be less than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches).

§ 108.403 - Fire extinguishing systems: General. § 108.403a - Fire extinguishing systems: Non-vital services. § 108.404 - Selection of fire detection system. § 108.405 - Fire detection system. § 108.407 - Detectors for electric fire detection system. § 108.409 - Location and spacing of tubing in pneumatic fire detection system. § 108.411 - Smoke detection system. § 108.413 - Fusible element fire detection system. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLING SYSTEMS § 108.430 - General. FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.431 - Carbon dioxide systems: General. § 108.433 - Quantity of CO2: General. § 108.437 - Pipe sizes and discharge rates for enclosed ventilation systems for rotating electrical equipment. § 108.439 - Quantity of CO2 for protection of spaces. § 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems. § 108.443 - Controls and valves. § 108.444 - Lockout valves. § 108.445 - Alarm and means of escape. § 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

(e) The end of each branch line in a CO2 system must extend at least 50 millimeters (2 inches) beyond the last discharge outlet and be closed with a cap or plug.

Each carbon dioxide extinguishing system installed or altered after July 9, 2013, must have an approved odorizing unit to produce the scent of wintergreen, the detection of which will serve as an indication that carbon dioxide gas is present in a protected area and any other area into which the carbon dioxide may migrate. “Altered” means modified or refurbished beyond the maintenance required by the manufacturer's design, installation, operation and maintenance manual.

§ 108.446 - Odorizing units. § 108.447 - Piping. § 108.449 - Piping tests. § 108.451 - CO2 storage. § 108.453 - Discharge outlets. § 108.455 - Enclosure openings. § 108.457 - Pressure release. HALOGENATED GAS EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.458 - General. FOAM EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.459 - Number and location of outlets. § 108.461 - Coamings. § 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein. § 108.467 - Water supply. § 108.469 - Quantity of foam producing materials. § 108.471 - Water pump. § 108.473 - Foam system components. § 108.474 - Aqueous film forming foam systems. § 108.475 - Piping. § 108.477 - Fire hydrants. FIRE PROTECTION FOR HELICOPTER FACILITIES § 108.486 - Helicopter decks. § 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations. § 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities. HAND PORTABLE AND SEMIPORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS § 108.491 - General. § 108.493 - Location. § 108.495 - Locations and number of fire extinguishers required. § 108.496 - Semi-portable fire extinguishers. MISCELLANEOUS FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT § 108.497 - Fireman's outfits. § 108.499 - Fire axes.

The water supply of a foam extinguishing system must not be the water supply of the fire main system on the unit unless when both systems are operated simultaneously—