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Corrosive symbol

In the last five years new regulations have been brought in across the world which have changed the system used to label toxic and harmful substances. This resource describes each of these new symbols and the hazards associated with them, along with explaining the purpose of substance warning signs.

Toxicsymbol

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And even when police have Tasers, they are too conditioned to use their guns when they perceive a threat, Johnson said: “When officers are in a so-called ‘stressful situation’, they go on autopilot and pull their service revolvers … That’s why we are always in danger of being killed from a simple traffic stop.”

Many corrosive substances are found in products such as drain cleaner and bleach, as well as being used for printing, preserving food, developing photographs and as pesticides. Those who work with corrosive chemicals must have appropriate cleaning methods and protective clothing to ensure that they do not accidentally come into contact with a substance and suffer harm.

Even though he was unarmed and not moving, one officer kneeled on his back, two others handcuffed him, one shoved his face into the ground, and another shocked him with a Taser four times, causing his body to convulse, according to a lawsuit and footage. He appeared to call for help and scream in pain, but officers kept him largely face down for about seven minutes.

But in the last 20 years, there have been at least 15 cases like the Wright tragedy in which police claimed they accidentally fired bullets instead of a stun gun – three of which led to convictions, according to the New York Times.

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New COSHH warning signs are now a black illustration within a white diamond outlined in red. They are part of the ‘Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals’ which is used across the world to identify toxic or hazardous substances.

Hazard symbols and meanings

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An ‘explosive’ COSHH label is used to signify that a substance has the potential to explode if placed under certain conditions. It could mean that the substance is unstable, it poses a mass explosion hazard, it poses a fire, blast or projection hazard, or that mass explosion could occur if the substance is involved in a fire.

There are currently 9 official COSHH symbols in use today, although the old orange symbols can still sometimes be found on substances that were produced and packaged a while ago. Hazardous substances can be labelled with one or more of the following COSHH signs.

Explosive substances are some of the most dangerous, as the consequences of an accident involving them can be catastrophic depending on their scale. If a substance or chemical is labelled with this symbol then it will have to be stored and handled carefully, away from other substances that could prompt an explosion.

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He cited a 2009 University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), study that aggregated data from 50 cities and found an increase in in-custody deaths and fatal shootings by police in the first year after departments acquired Tasers.

Outcomes that are classified as serious health hazards include damage to fertility, cancer, organ damage, allergies, asthma, damage to an unborn child or genetic defects. Limited or prolonged contact with a hazardous substance could result in any of these, and the health and safety measures required for these kinds of chemicals are severe.

This symbol replaced previous chemical hazard symbols that meant ‘irritant’ and ‘harmful’, and is used on substances that may cause damage to health. This damage can be done if a substance is swallowed, inhaled or comes into contact with a person’s skin.

A variety of jobs and workplaces involve contact with hazardous substances, such as decorating, beauty and hairdressing salons, domestic services and a wide range of medical professions. The level of risk that each industry requires is different, but in every case it is important to understand every COSHH hazard symbol and the dangers associated with that substance, ingredient or chemical.

Health hazard symbol

Substances that are toxic must be handled with extreme care, and safer alternatives should be used if possible to dramatically reduce the risk of any fatalities. Even if only a miniscule amount of a toxic substance is ingested, it can still have a severe impact on a person’s health and urgent medical advice must be sought immediately.

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For a substance to be classified as ‘gas under pressure’, it must be in gas form and stored within a container that is pressurized. This is a potential hazard because the gas may explode if it is heated, which can cause serious danger depending on the environment.

While Tasers are technically less lethal than firearms, data suggests that police aren’t using them as an alternative to guns. One 2018 study on Chicago found that when the department expanded Taser access to its officers, it did not lead to any decrease in shootings. Instead, officers were using Tasers as an alternative to less serious tactics, such as physical holds.

Many aspects of working with hazardous substances require a knowledge of COSHH classification systems. From interpreting the packaging of products used in the workplace to filling out a COSHH risk assessment form, understanding the different hazard symbols and meanings is essential in the safe use of potentially harmful substances.

Hazard symbols

Philadelphia police officials said Tasers would be a “potentially lifesaving tool”, with a councilman saying: “The unnecessary death … was just the latest example of how crucial it is for police to have adequate training and equipment, in order to avoid excessive escalation.”

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Hazard symbols (also known as hazard pictograms) are a way of alerting people to the presence of a hazardous substance with an illustration. These images are often displayed on the packaging of a substance that either is hazardous or contains a hazardous component, and illustrates how the substance could be harmful.

One of the best-known examples is the 2009 fatal shooting of Oscar Grant, 22, on an Oakland train platform. The officer in that shooting, Johannes Mehserle, alleged in court that he meant to draw his stun gun. In 2002, an officer in Madera, California, claimed she meant to Taser 24-year-old Everardo Torres, who was sitting handcuffed in the back of a police car, but fatally shot him instead.

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‘Health Hazard’ substances can cause a variety of issues, including allergic reactions, respiratory problems, damage to eyesight and dizziness or drowsiness. The harm indicated by this symbol can also mean that the substance damages the earth’s ozone layer and therefore can harm the environment and general public health.

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“Tasers were originally touted as these ‘non-lethal’ weapons,” said Hamid Khan, organizer with the Stop LAPD Spying Coalition, who has scrutinized the LA police department’s Taser use. But once accounts of fatalities emerged, police and manufacturers began to acknowledge the potential for death, labeling them “less lethal”, he said. “We’ve always said they are lethal and there to murder and cause extreme harm.”

Even the threat or sight of a Taser can exacerbate conflicts when police are interacting with someone experiencing mental illness or intoxication, according to experts.

Flammable symbol

Stun guns have exploded in popularity among law enforcement since the 2000s. In the US, police departments overwhelmingly rely on Tasers, with 94% of police agencies now using this type of stun gun, though not all officers carry them in departments that own them. Cities have often sought to purchase more Tasers following police shootings, including in Philadelphia, where the police agency recently asked for $14m for stun guns in the wake of a high-profile killing.

When police do deploy Tasers, the consequences can be deadly, too. A Reuters investigation documented more than 1,000 cases between 2000 and 2018 where people died after being Tasered, with the electroshock formally cited as a cause of death or factor in more than 150 cases. In addition to cardiac arrests, Taser victims have also died or suffered serious injuries as a result of falling after being shocked.

“They used so much force on someone who wasn’t even fighting back and did not have a weapon,” Elisabeth Barragan, the mother of Rivera’s son, told the Guardian.

Experts and advocates have raised several major concerns about the mass deployment of Tasers in recent years: that police mistake them for guns (often in cases where no force or violence is justified, and where that explanation is disputed); that stun guns aren’t used as alternatives to guns and instead lead to increased brutality and escalate encounters; and that the electroshocks themselves can be deadly.

Rivera died on the scene, and the coroner ruled his death a homicide, saying he had experienced cardiac arrest and that “electromuscular disruption” (meaning the Taser) was among the factors.

A ‘corrosive’ hazard symbol indicates that a chemical is present which may corrode living tissue or any other material if they come into contact with each other. In many cases, a corrosive substance can cause severe damage to the skin and the eyes, as well as having the potential to corrode metals and other strong materials.

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A hazard symbol is used to show that a substance can be hazardous to the person using it and/or the people around them, and means that extra care should be taken to minimise the risk of any of these hazards. It is important that anyone working with dangerous substances is aware of what each of the international hazard symbols represents and can take the necessary steps to avoid each risk.

Last September, Orange county sheriff’s officers with the department’s “homeless outreach team” approached an unarmed man, Kurt Reinhold, with a Taser drawn, according to a lawsuit. Police alleged he had jaywalked and eventually wrestled him to the ground and fatally shot him.

A ‘flammable’ danger symbol refers to any substance or chemical that could ignite when triggered by several different conditions. This could simply be exposure to air or a source of ignition, the substance could have a low flash point, the substance could be an ignition source or the substance could become flammable if it comes into contact with water. These substances can be solids, liquids or gases.

Flammable substances are some of the most frequently used in a variety of situations, with varying levels of danger depending on how volatile the chemical or substance is. Again, the misuse of flammable substances can have catastrophic consequences, and special equipment and storage systems are often required to prevent any accidents.

Tasers are “not risk free” but are “the safest and most effective less-lethal use of force tool available to law enforcement”, Axon added.

Each COSHH hazard symbol means that a different hazard is present, such as a substance being corrosive, harmful to the environment or seriously harmful to health if used unsafely. They are used to alert the person interacting with the substance that a risk is present and that they need to take precautionary measures to avoid any harm to themselves, others or the environment.

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) is a piece of health and safety legislation that was first implemented in 1998 and last updated in 2002. These regulations outline the best ways for businesses and employees to store, handle, use and dispose of hazardous substances.

The COSHH warning sign for substances which can be hazardous to the environment signifies that they can be dangerous to one or more components of the environment if used or disposed of incorrectly. These effects can be immediate or can be slow-acting.

The symbol used to identify a corrosive substance is an illustration of two test tubes pouring a substance onto an outstretched hand and a black rectangle, both of which are shown to be reacting to the substance.

An ‘oxidising’ COSHH sign conveys that a substance has the potential to cause an exothermic reaction with another chemical. This reaction could result in a fire, an explosion or could increase the intensity of a fire.

“This shouldn’t have happened. Not even animals deserve this type of treatment,” Rivera’s mother, Silvia Imelda Rivera, said in Spanish. She added that she couldn’t bring herself to watch the video of the Tasing and wanted her son to be remembered as joyful person: “He was always uplifting to others, always happy, regardless of any obstacle in his life.”

On 14 August last year, LAPD officers were responding to reports of an alleged burglary attempt when they came upon Daniel Rivera, 37, standing near a ravine. Body-camera footage showed he hopped a fence into the wash, and was lying face down on the ground, largely motionless, as police approached.

“The reforms haven’t changed the way that especially Black and brown folks experience policing,” said Jenn M Jackson, political science professor at Syracuse University. “We are still seeing the same violence … Whatever tools that police officers have at their disposal will be used to physically harm those people, whether it’s a billy club, hose, a dog, a Taser or a gun.”

A spokesperson for Axon Enterprise, the sole manufacturer of Tasers, said in an email that it was wrong to blame its weapons for fatalities: “There is often other uses of force used either before or after [Taser] use, and a multitude of circumstances that may have caused or contributed to the death.” The statement cited heart disease and drug use as common factors.

“Cities are spending millions of dollars on this technology that is not saving any lives and is just expanding the repertoire of violence available to local police,” said Alex Vitale, a Brooklyn College sociology professor and policing expert. “Tasers are used to punish people … and it has led to a lot of abuse and death.”

“Tasers are not a solution,” said Oscar Grant’s uncle, Cephus Johnson, known as Uncle Bobby X. In the California killings and the Wright case, it was clear that officers had no justification for even pulling a Taser, he said, noting that the young men were not a threat. Wright was allegedly pulled over for expired plates last week, and Grant was on the ground and unarmed. If the officer had Tased Wright as she claimed was her intent, it would have still been excessive force and dangerous, he said.

A ‘toxic’ symbol warns that a substance can cause severe damage to health, even at low levels. It can be toxic or even fatal if the substance is swallowed, inhaled or simply comes into contact with a person’s bare skin.

Original COSHH hazard symbols were black illustrations displayed inside of an orange square. However, European regulations called for new substance warning symbols to replace these in favour of a more universal set of symbols, which have been phased in to production since 2015.

“Tasers are used to make somebody do something, like get out of a car,” said John Hamasaki, a criminal defense lawyer and member of the San Francisco police commission. “Using a deadly weapon should not be authorized under those circumstances.”

COSHH was put in place to provide a health and safety framework for using substances that pose a danger to the health of those who are exposed to them. It also implemented standardised ways of reducing the risks posed by hazardous substances and keeping exposure to an absolute minimum.

If you’re the employer or owner of a workplace or business that deals with hazardous substances, it is a legal requirement that you manage the risks associated with each of these. A key part of COSHH legislation is the completion of regular risk assessments to prevent and manage potential hazards, and understanding the symbols used on harmful substances and safety data sheets is a key part of this.

Experts believe that’s because Tasers increase violent use of force, rather than preventing it: “Tasers are being used essentially as a torture device when people are perceived as not complying,” said V James DeSimone, an LA civil rights lawyer and attorney for the Rivera family.

The symbol used to identify a substance that is a serious health hazard is an illustration of a person with white marks across their chest, representing that damage has been done to their health.

Tasers are often cited as a crucial tool in combating police violence in America, with proponents claiming that the “less lethal” weapons can help departments avoid deadly encounters.

The nine hazard symbols used to identify the kind of substances that COSHH deals with are explosive, flammable, oxidising, corrosive, acute toxicity, hazardous to the environment, health hazard, serious health hazard and gas under pressure.

Irritant symbol

Hazard symbol

If a substance is marked with a ‘serious health hazard’ COSHH symbol then it indicates that contact with this substance could cause serious health issues or have long term effects on a person’s health. It can also mean that a substance can be fatal if it is ingested or inhaled.

If you’d like to refresh your knowledge of COSHH regulations and receive an in-depth description of every hazardous substance symbol, we offer an online COSHH Training program suitable for all industries and levels of responsibility.

Pesticides, petrol, biocides and turpentine are the most commonly used substances that affect the environment and cause lasting damage. The most common environmental issue caused by hazardous substances is damage to aquatic ecosystems and toxic effects on marine life.

“He had not committed a crime, not hurt anyone and was not armed, and an officer from the outset had his Taser out,” said the family’s attorney, Neil Gehlawat. “It was a form of escalation.”

The hazard symbol is also used for gas which is refrigerated in a container and could potentially cause cryogenic injuries and burns if it is damaged. This was the only new addition to the new substance warning symbols that has been incorporated into COSHH classifications.

Axon disputed claims that Tasers increase police violence. A spokesperson pointed to a 2011 National Institute of Justice report, which suggested that the adoption of stun guns was linked to a decline in suspect injury rates in multiple cities, including a 30% decrease in Austin. That report, however, also raised concerns that the “ease of use and popularity” of Tasers could lead to “overuse” or “inappropriate” use.

But the police killing of Daunte Wright in Minnesota – in which officials say an officer mistook her gun for her Taser – has resurfaced criticism of stun guns.

One officer can be heard saying Rivera was acting “like a fish out of water”, another said Rivera’s condition was “worse than Covid”, and one complained that he “got me all muddy and shit”.

Oxidising substances are quite common in most workplaces and domestic settings, as the majority of bleaches contain chemicals that are powerful oxidisers. Hairdressers in particular should be careful with how they store bleaching products, as should cleaners who purchase and store their own products.

Activists say cities should be reducing police contact with civilians, starting with removing armed officers from traffic enforcement and other services – instead of giving them more money for new weapons or training or other reforms that have failed to curb brutality.

The symbol used to identify a substance that is hazardous to the environment is an illustration of a landscape that features a dead tree in the background and a dead fish in the foreground.