While a simplistic design (two prongs attached to a long barrel), it served its purpose of delivering an electric shock through a cow’s hide to motivate it through a chute. Unlike stun guns, cattle prods are not designed to incapacitate an individual or animal, simply deliver a painful shock to a localized area. On the other hand, stun guns are usually designed to deliver even larger voltages in order to overwhelm the body’s nervous system.

For those requiring an armed PPS course, our Virginia DCJS Entry-Level Handgun (07E), Advanced Handgun (09E), Shotgun (08E) or Patrol Rifle (10E) course may be added directly after the PPS course.

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Constellis’ Individual Protection courses focuses on protecting a principal from harm or embarrassment. We emphasize collecting accurate information and building correct reports and briefings as well as being able to communicate appropriately with a principal and their staff.

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Participants must be well-trained with a handgun in order to keep up with the shot progression and counterattack scenarios.

Smith and his brother, Tom, then formed Air TASER, Inc. in 1993, basing the company out of Scottsdale, Arizona. The company initially sold their TASERs to the general public after settling a court battle with Tasertron, which claimed to have the exclusive right to sell TASERs to law enforcement. The settlement keeping Air TASER out of the law enforcement market ended Tasertron’s exclusive rights in 1998, and the Smith brothers’ business began to take off with more and more police departments across the United States arming their officers with TASERs and similar devices. Specifically, between the years 2000 and 2013, the number of law enforcement organizations using TASERs jumped from 500 to approximately 17,000.

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Students will learn basic and advanced skills necessary to conduct Protective Services, conducting practical training in separate Protective Security Detail (PSD) roles. Students will learn to work as individuals as well as members of a team. This style of training will ensure every graduate has a full understanding of each aspect of protecting an individual.

Our Advanced Executive Protection course is designed for participants who have existing executive protection skills and desire advanced training in the executive and dignitary protection field. This course builds on the basic foundation of executive protection, focusing on the hard skills that must be maintained to develop advanced tactics in this profession.

Such a rise in TASER usage has led to a fair share of controversy. Despite initial claims of TASER International that the weapons are nonlethal, Amnesty International states that 540 deaths across the United States between 2001 and 2013 can be linked to TASERs. The American Heart Association published an article in its journal Circulation that looked at eight cases of TASER use on suspects and found that TASER usage can result in cardiac arrest in a person. TASER International has argued that the limited number of case studies does not lend itself to the drawing of broad conclusions, though for legal reasons have changed their stance slightly, now warning that their product can cause “heart rate, rhythm capture and cardiac arrest.”

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Law enforcement officials from around the world have taken notice and begun to change their policies on the use of ECD’s (Electronic Control Devices, like the TASER). For instance, in September of 2012, the Cincinnati Police Department changed its rules mandating, “Frontal shots are prohibited except in situations of self-defense or defense of another.” Most who have changed their policies are quick to point out that ECDs protect and save countless lives every day. The number of those saved, where police would have normally had to resort to much more deadly force anyway, drastically outweigh any risk associated with using the devices. (Again, for more on this, see the article from our resident medical professional: Can Stun Guns Cause Cardiac Arrest)

This foundational course covers the full range of the basic principles of executive protection. Prospective protective agents are taught a solid operational foundation of executive protection techniques, theory and practical application.

High-Risk Security Operations is an intensive seven-day course designed to prepare individuals to provide these protection services in NON-permissive environments like Iraq, Afghanistan, Africa, Pakistan, and other austere environments. The procedures and tactics in training follow the same methods used by Constellis personnel when providing security in today’s most demanding locations. Our training teams provides real-world scenarios based on documented events and their own experiences during overseas operations.

This protection course meets and exceeds training requirements specified under Virginia’s Department of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) to apply for registration as a Personal Protection Specialist (PPS).

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Melissa writes for the wildly popular interesting fact website TodayIFoundOut.com. To subscribe to Today I Found Out’s “Daily Knowledge” newsletter, click here or like them on Facebook here. You can also check ’em out on YouTube here.

This foundational DCJS course covers the full range of the basic principles of executive protection. Students will learn executive protection techniques, theory and practical application. At the end of the course, students will have completed the necessary material to receive their Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services PPE (32E) certification.

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Constellis instructors are chosen for their expertise, professional attitude and passion for the industry. Their re-world experience brings unique qualifications to our tactical training curriculum. Our trainers come from a variety of military and law enforcement agencies.

One such agency that purchased TASERs was the Los Angeles Police Department. LAPD officers famously used a TASER in an effort to subdue Rodney King in 1991, but the device had little effect. That failure inspired Patrick “Rick” Smith to work with Cover to change the TASER so that the darts fired via compressed air rather than gunpowder, among other improvements. That simple change meant their stun guns could more easily be sold to the general public.

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At the end of the course, students will have completed the necessary material to receive their Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services PPE (32E) certification.

We offer a full range of training modules at our facilities across the United States and internationally via our mobile training program. Our capabilities include developing customized training curriculum to cover your unique needs.

In the end, the issue is seemingly not so much with the ECDs themselves, but potential over use of them in situations that might not warrant it. Each police department in the United States creates its own policies regarding TASERs and other ECDs, though there is an effort to establish national guidelines for their use. Towards this end, The Police Chief magazine conducted a study at the Orlando Police Department in 2010 in response to a public demand for stricter policies regarding the use of TASERs. The study concluded that requiring police officers to only use TASERs in situations where a suspect offered active resistance as opposed to passive resistance marginally increased injury rates to officers, but decreased injury to suspects. They also noted that suspect resistance also decreased when ECDs were not used.

The name TASER was inspired by science fiction novels that Jack Cover read as a child. It stands for “Thomas A. Swift Electric Rifle” after the novel “Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle.”

So who invented the TASER, specifically? NASA researcher Jack Cover was among the numerous other inventors who developed forms of these type of (usually) nonlethal electric weapons. (See: Can Stun Guns Cause Cardiac Arrest). Cover, determined to create a weapon that officers could use in situations such as plane hijackings where firing a gun could potentially be a bad idea, took inspiration from a newspaper article about a man surviving a run-in with an electric fence. “When he read what had happened, he knew an electric current could be used without danger,” his wife said after Cover’s death.

The “Use-of-Force Continuum” denotes five levels of suspect resistance: No resistance, Verbal noncompliance, Passive resistance, Active resistance, Aggressive resistance, Deadly-force resistance.

The Irvine Police Department posted a picture of the Cybertruck on social media then immediately went to war in the comments.

Constellis advocates setting and maintaining standards within the Protective Services profession. Each student that completes one of our Individual Protection courses will receive a certificate of attendance.

Cover patented the design for a device that he named the TASER in 1974. The TASER was similar to other stun guns invented during the 1960s and 1970s; it delivered an electric current via a pair of electrodes connected to the gun by wires and that were shot at an assailant. However, because TASERs used gunpowder to fire the projectiles, the United States government classified them as firearms, which severely limited the sale of the device, with just a select number of police departments trying it out. Cover then founded TASER Systems to sell his invention to law enforcement, though the company filed bankruptcy and was sold to an investor who changed the name to Tasertron.

An employee of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department posted cringe and lied about it. Repeatedly. It was enough to get him fired.

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Burton’s cattle prod was not the first instance of someone inventing a device to try to, in a non-lethal way, control a living thing with electricity. This first known such device was invented all the way back in 1852 and was an “Electric Whaling Apparatus.” (US Patent 8843) This device was essentially just an electrified version of the harpoon, with hopes of stunning the whale to increase the likelihood of catching it and diminish risk to the whalers. (See: A Real Life White Whale that Destroyed Over 20 Whaling Ships and Survived Encounters with Another 80)

Early use of an electronic control device, like the TASER, by law enforcement occurred in the 1960s when American police officers used electric cattle prods to disperse Civil Rights activists. As for the earliest cattle prods, this came about when inventor John Burton of Wichita, Kansas received a patent (US427549 A) in the late 1800s for such a device.