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Stinger identifies the allegedly material prior art as the "Police Special Model Taser" ("PSMT"), an ECD sold by Taser Industries, Inc. to the Los Angeles Police Department sometime around 1982-83. Stinger also alleges that the PSMT was material to the `295 and `870 patent applications because the PSMT "used two capacitors in parallel to discharge an arcing shock with one capacitor discharging a current at lower voltage into the existing ionization path established by discharge of the first capacitor," and the patent office examiner specifically found that "the claims of the `295 patent and the claims in the application that ultimately lead to the `870 patent are both directed toward electronic disability devices that use two different transformers to first create an arc and then maintain current flow across the arc to disable a subject." (Dkt. #54, p. 5 ¶ 9, p. 6 ¶ 12). In addition, Stinger alleges that the PSMT was both material to the `262 patent application because TASER allegedly manufactured a Model M26 ECD that embodied the inventions claimed in the `262 patent (for recording the time, date, and length of each activation), and material to the `870 patent application because the Model M26 ECD embodied the indicator display of claim 2 of the `870 patent. (Id., p. 6, ¶¶ 14, 15). Stinger further asserts that "Taser was fully aware of [the PSMT] and TASER was aware of the materiality of this device from the statement of the examiner in the prosecution of the patents," and that "Taser had obtained and examined [Taser Industries, Inc.]'s [PSMT] and did not disclose the results of those investigations to the patent office in seeking patent protection." (Dkt. #154, pp. 6-7, ¶ 16). The Court finds that Stinger has therefore sufficiently alleged the "who, what, when, where, and how" of TASER's alleged inequitable conduct before the PTO in the prosecution of the `295, `870, and `262 patents in the PTO. As such, the Court concludes that Stinger has pled its inequitable conduct defenses with sufficient particularity to survive TASER's motion to dismiss.

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"While statements of the time, place and nature of the alleged fraudulent activities are sufficient, mere conclusory allegations of fraud are insufficient." Moore v. Kayport Package Express, Inc., 885 F.2d 531, 540 (9th Cir. 1989). Stinger's allegations of fraud must be specific enough to "give the defendant notice of the particular misconduct which is alleged to constitute the fraud charged so that they can defend against the charge and not just deny that they have done anything wrong." Semegen v. Weidner, 780 F.2d 727, 731 (9th Cir. 1985). Thus, Stinger's "[a]verments of fraud must be accompanied by "`the who, what, when, where, and how'" of the misconduct charged." Vess, 317 F.3d at 1106 (quoting Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 627 (9th Cir. 1997)); Neubronner v. Milken, 6 F.3d 666, 671 (9th Cir. 1993) ("The complaint must specify such facts as the times, dates, places, benefits received, and other details of the alleged fraudulent activity.").

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In determining both Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss and Rule 12(f) motions to strike, all allegations of material fact must be taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Compare Wyler Summit Partnership v. Turner Broad. Sys. Inc., 135 F.3d 658, 661 (9th Cir. 1998) ("On a motion to dismiss, all well-pleaded allegations of material fact are taken as true and construed in a light most favorable to the non-moving party.") with Multimedia Patent, 525 F.Supp.2d at 1210-11 ("In determining a motion to strike, a district court must view the pleadings in the light most favorable to the pleader."). In addition, 12(b)(6) and 12(f) motions are both generally disfavored; but the court may properly grant them when the claim or defense is insufficient as a matter of law. Compare Gilligan v. Jamco Development Corp., 108 F.3d 246, 249 (9th Cir. 1997) ("The motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim is viewed with disfavor and is rarely granted.")with Multimedia Patent, 525 F.Supp.2d at 1211 ("Motions to strike an affirmative defense are generally disfavored, but the court may properly grant them when the defense is insufficient as a matter of law.").

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"Once threshold findings of materiality and intent are established, the court must weigh them to determine whether the equities warrant a conclusion that inequitable conduct occurred."Molins PLC, 48 F.3d at 1178 (citing J.P. Stevens Co. v. Lex Tex, Ltd., 747 F.2d 1553, 1559-60 (Fed. Cir. 1984).

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Allegations of inequitable conduct must satisfy the pleading requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). Multimedia Patent Trust v. Microsoft Corp., 525 F.Supp.2d 1200, 1213 (S.D.Cal. 2007) (citingCent. Admixture, 482 F.3d at 1356; 5A Charles Alan Wright Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 1297 n. 28 (3d ed. 2004); see Ferguson Beauregard/Logic Controls, Div. of Dover Resources, Inc. v. Mega Systems, LLC, 350 F.3d 1327, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2003) ("[I]nequitable conduct, while a broader concept than fraud, must be pled with particularity."). "[A]n inequitable conduct defense to a patent infringement claim may be stricken pursuant to Rule 12(f) for failure to plead with particularity."Id. at 1211 (citing Chiron Corp. v. Abbott Labs., 156 F.R.D. 219, 220-21 (N.D.Cal. 1994)). A motion to dismiss for failure to plead with particularity is the functional equivalent of a motion to dismiss under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1107 (9th Cir. 2003). Thus, if a claim is not pled with sufficient particularity under Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b), a court may dismiss it for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Bly-Magee v. California, 236 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001).

However, "[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person's mind may be alleged generally." Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). In addition, Stinger need not "allege, in detail, all facts supporting each and every instance of [fraud] over a multi-year period." U.S. ex rel. Lee v. Smithkline Beecham, Inc., 245 F.3d 1048, 1051 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Cooper, 137 F.3d at 627).

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Taser, with intent to mislead or deceive the examiner failed to disclose material information or submitted materially false information to the PTO during prosecution of the asserted patents. Taser was fully aware of a prior art device and Taser was aware of the materiality of this device from the statement of the examiner in the prosecution of the patents. Taser had obtained and examined this competitors' product and did not disclose the results of those investigations to the patent office in seeking patent protection. Taser has not provided any credible explanation for failing to disclose the prior art to the Patent Office. The prior art technology invalidates the asserted patents and is material. Taser was aware of this prior art and did not disclose this prior art as required by the duty of candor.

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Several police officers and city staff attended a homeless encampment in Barrie’s south end on Thursday morning to inform the individuals living there they would have to vacate the area.

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiff TASER's motion to dismiss or strike Defendant Stinger's inequitable conduct defenses for failure to plead with particularity under Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) is DENIED. (Dkt. #55).

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Inequitable conduct is the breach of the patentee's duties to the United States Patent and Trade Office ("PTO") of candor, good faith, and honesty. See Warner-Lambert Co. v. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc., 418 F.3d 1326, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2005). Inequitable conduct can occur through the affirmative misrepresentation of a material fact, the failure to disclose material information, or the submission of false information coupled with an intent to deceive. Id.; B.F. Goodrich Co. v. Aircraft Braking Systems Corp., 72 F.3d 1577, 1585 (Fed. Cir. 1996). In this case, Stinger's inequitable conduct defense is based on its allegation that TASER failed to disclose material information. "A party may show inequitable conduct by producing clear and convincing evidence of: (1) material prior art; (2) knowledge chargeable to the patent applicant of prior art and its materiality; and (3) applicant's failure to disclose the prior art to the PTO with intent to mislead." Fox Industries, Inc. v. Structural Preservation Sys., Inc., 922 F.2d 801, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (citation omitted).

Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) requires that "[i]n alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake." The requirement to plead fraud with particularity ensures that the accused party has sufficient notice of the specific misconduct that is allegedly fraudulent "so that they can defend against the charge and not just deny that they have done anything wrong." Bly-Magee v. California, 236 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001). It also protects the accused's reputation from harm and minimizes costly fishing expeditions.Id. at 1018.

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Stinger's answer specifically points to the patent office examiner's finding that "the claims of the `295 patent and the claims in the application that ultimately lead to the `870 patent are both directed toward electronic disability devices that use two different transformers to first create an arc and then maintain current flow across the arc to disable a subject" (Dkt. #54, ¶ 12). The answer also points to TASER's subsequent decision to cancel the claims in the `870 patent that related to use of two different transformers, but not to amend the claims in the `870 patent insofar as they related to maintaining current flow across an established arc. (Dkt. #54, ¶ 13).

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On January 5, 2007, TASER International ("TASER") filed an action against Stinger Systems ("Stinger") alleging infringement of U.S. Patent 7,145,762 ("the `762 patent") under 35 U.S.C. § 271, false advertising under 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq., and false marketing under 35 U.S.C. § 292. (Dkt. #1). Both TASER and Stinger manufacture and sell electronic control devices ("ECD") commonly known as "stun guns." (Second Amended Compl., Dkt. #51, p. 2). TASER amended its complaint on July 9, 2007 to add infringement claims for two additional patents, U.S. Patent 6,999,295 ("the `295 patent") and U.S. Patent 7,102,870 ("the `870 patent"). (First Amended Compl., Dkt. #32). Thereafter, on October 10, 2007, the parties stipulated to a second amended complaint in which TASER dropped all claims related to the `762 patent originally asserted and added claims pertaining to a fourth patent, U.S. Patent 7,234,262 ("the `262 patent").

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On November 29, 2007, TASER filed the instant motion to dismiss or strike Stinger's inequitable conduct defense for failure to plead with particularity under Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). (Dkt. #55). Specifically, TASER contends that Stinger's answer "fails to allege (I) the identity of those involved in the prosecution of the patents-in-suit who knowingly omitted material prior art with intent to deceive; (ii) when or how those individuals became aware of specifically identified and allegedly material prior art; (iii) how the alleged prior art was material to the patents-in-suit; or even (iv) exactly what the alleged prior art consisted of." (Dkt. #55, p. 2).

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Currently before the Court is Plaintiff TASER International, Inc.'s motion to dismiss or strike Defendant Stinger Systems, Inc.'s inequitable conduct defense for failure to plead with particularity pursuant to Rules 12(b)(6) and 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Dkt. #55). After reviewing the pleadings, the Court issues the following order.

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In its answer, Stinger states that sometime in 1982-83, TASER sold a product named "Police Special Model Taser" that "used two capacitors in parallel to discharge an arcing shock with one capacitor discharging a current at lower voltage into the existing ionization path established by discharge of the first capacitor." (Dkt. #54, ¶ 9). Stinger asserts that this Model Taser constitutes prior art that invalidates some or all of the claims asserted, and that it "was not disclosed by Plaintiff to the U.S.P.T.O." (Dkt. #54, ¶ 9).

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In addition, Stinger's states that since 1999, several years before it made the application for the inventions claimed in the `262 patent, TASER has produced a Model M26, which records the time, date, and length of each activation. (Dkt. #54, ¶ 14). As such, Stinger asserts that "[a]t no time during prosecution of the ['262] application did Taser disclose that it had sold embodiments fo the claimed inventions more than 1 year prior to the date of application and that, therefore the inventions are unpatentable." (Dkt. #54, ¶ 14). Likewise, Stinger claims that "[a]t no point in prosecuting its application for the patents at issue did Taser disclosure to the examiner that for several years prior to the date of application Taser manufactured a Model M26, embodying the indicator display of claim 2 of the `870 patent." (Dkt. #54, ¶ 15).

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"Applicants for patents are required to prosecute patent applications in the PTO with candor, good faith, and honesty."Molins PLC v. Textron, Inc., 48 F.3d 1172, 1178 (Fed. Cir. 1995). Specifically, the duty to disclose information material to patentability to the PTO during the prosecution of a patent application extends to (1) the inventor, (2) each attorney or agent who prepares or prosecutes the application, and (3) those who are substantively involved in the preparation or prosecution of the application and who are associated with the inventor or the assignee, or with anyone to whom there is an obligation to assign the application. See 37 C.F.R. § 1.56; Molins PLC, 48 F.3d at 1178 n. 6 (Fed. Cir. 1995).

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Indeed, "Rule 9(b) is not to be read blindly, but is to be applied in order to effectuate the purposes of the rule which are: (1) to inform the defendants of the claims against them and to enable them to form an adequate defense; (2) to eliminate the filing of a conclusory complaint as a pretext for using discovery to uncover wrongs; and (3) to protect defendants from unfounded charges of fraud which may injure their reputations." Fujisawa Pharm., 814 F.Supp. at 726. Clearly, as TASER points out, the "who" in an inequitable conduct defense is limited to the patent inventor, his or her attorney or agent who prepares or prosecutes the application, and those substantively involved in the preparation or prosecution of the application. TASER is in possession of "who" was substantively involved in the preparation or prosecution of the patents in question, and thus TASER is able to discover the specific individuals that were involved in the preparation and prosecution of the patent applications and form an adequate defense. Stinger need not establish the identity of those individuals in its pleadings and must be given the chance to conduct discovery regarding the specifics as to "who" exactly were involved in the preparation and prosecution of the patents in question. For purposes of pleading inequitable conduct, it is enough that Stinger alleged that TASER as the entity, and therefore the inventors of the patents in question and their attorneys or agents as the specific individuals, breached the duty of candor to the PTO.

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In Central Admixture Pharmacy Servs., Inc. v. Advanced Cardiac Solutions, P.C., the Federal Circuit upheld dismissal of an inequitable conduct defense that had been based solely on allegations that "during prosecution of the . . . patent, the patentee failed to disclose all of the relevant prior art known to it" and that "by manipulation of various measurements and units, the patentee sought to mislead the Patent and Trademark Office regarding the relationship between the claimed invention and the prior art." 482 F.3d 1347, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2007). Clearly, those allegations were insufficient to inform anyone the defendants of the claims against them and to enable them to form an adequate defense rather than just deny that they had done anything wrong. However, here Stinger has alleged more than mere conclusory allegations of fraud, and has identified TASER, and thus the inventors of the patents in questions and their attorneys and agents, as the individuals that have breached the duty of candor to the PTO, and the prior art which was allegedly withheld from the PTO. Given the circumstantial information in Stinger's inequitable conduct pleading, the mere fact that Stinger did not put a name to the inventors or the attorneys/agents involved in the prosecution of the patents in question or specify the exact dates that a specific individual became aware of the specified prior art does not mean that Stinger's pleading fails the Rule 9(b) standard. As such, the Court finds that Stinger's inequitable conduct pleadings satisfy Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b)'s heightened pleading requirement for allegations of fraud. Stinger may proceed to discovery on its alleged inequitable conduct defense that the inventors and/or their attorneys or agents failed to disclose the stated, allegedly material, prior art coupled with an alleged intent to deceive in the preparation or prosecution of the patents in question before the PTO.

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"The withholding of information must meet thresholds of both materiality and intent." Molins PLC, 48 F.3d at 1178 (citingAllen Organ Co. v. Kimball Int'l, Inc., 839 F.2d 1556, 1567 (Fed. Cir. 1988) ("[M]ateriality does not presume intent, which is a separate and essential component of inequitable conduct."). Material information includes "any information that a reasonable examiner would substantially likely consider important in deciding whether to allow an application to issue as a patent."Akron Polymer Container Corp. v Exxel Container, Inc., 148 F.3d 1380, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 1998). In addition, "[t]he intent element of the offense is . . . in the main proven by inferences drawn from facts, with the collection of inferences permitting a confident judgment that deceit has occurred." Id. at 1385; see Bruno Independent Living Aids, Inc. v. Acorn Mobility Services, Ltd., 394 F.3d 1348, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2005) ("[I]ntent to deceive is generally inferred from the facts and circumstances surrounding a knowing failure to disclose material information."); B.F. Goodrich, 72 F.3d at 1585 ("In the absence of an intent to deceive, courts cannot find inequitable conduct merely because patents are held invalid over the relevant prior art."). In sum, inequitable conduct by an applicant or his representatives renders a patent unenforceable if the applicant "with intent to mislead or deceive the examiner fails to disclose material information or submits materially false information to the PTO during prosecution." Digital Control, Inc. v. Charles Mach. Works, 437 F.3d 1309, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2006).

Stinger has identified the prior art that it contends was allegedly withheld form the PTO with sufficient circumstantial detail so that TASER can identify the specific, allegedly material, prior art in question, and defend against the charge of inequitable conduct due to TASER's alleged failure to disclose the stated prior art, i.e., the PSMT and the Model M26 ECD. Stinger's inequitable conduct pleadings need not identify by name the individuals who were substantively involved in the preparation or prosecution of the application of the patents in question. See Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. v. Kapoor, 814 F.Supp. 720, 726 (N.D.Ill. 1993) (stating that although Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) requires that the time, place and contents of fraud be pled," the complainant need not plead evidence."); U.S. ex rel. McCarthy v. Straub Clinic Hosp., Inc., 140 F. Supp. 2d 1062, 1068 (D. Haw. 2001), 140 F. Supp. 2d at 1068 (holding that although the complaint did not include "specific dates or people," it nevertheless "spell[ed] out with sufficient clarity for what actions Defendants are expected to answer").

The answer goes on to state that "[t]he `870 and `245 patents asserted by Taser originate with application No[.] 10/364,164 filed in 2003," that "[p]rior to 2003 Taser had knowledge of a competitor's stun gun using 2 capacitors," and that "Taser did not disclose the prior art stun gun sold by its competitor (Taser Industries, Inc.) to the Los Angeles police department." (Dkt. #54, ¶ 11). As such, Stinger asserts that "[t]he existence of the prior art device using a second capacitor was clearly material in light of the examiner's reasons for allowance, yet it was concealed by Taser and not disclosed to the examiner." (Dkt. #54, ¶ 11).

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Similarly, Stinger has alleged that if the PSMT and Model M26 ECD had been disclosed in the prosecution of the patents in question before the PTO, then they would have invalidated the asserted patents. In addition, Stinger has specifically indicated the basis for its contentions, as related above, by referring to the patent examiner's specific statements and drawing comparisons between the alleged prior art and the inventions claimed in the patents in question. Thus, Stinger has adequately alleged that a reasonable examiner would substantially likely consider the PSMT and Model M26 ECD important in deciding whether to allow the applications to issue as patents. See Akron Polymer, 148 F.3d at 1382. In addition, matters of intent may be averred generally under Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b); "intent to deceive is generally inferred from the facts and circumstances surrounding a knowing failure to disclose material information." Bruno Indep., 394 F.3d at 1354.

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(Dkt. #54, ¶ 16). Stinger goes on to state that "[i]n addition to the patents not asserted, the failure to disclose the LAPD stun gun constituted inequitable conduct in the prosecution of the previously asserted 7,145,762 patent." (Dkt. #54, ¶ 17). Finally, Stinger contends that "[i]nventions claimed in the asserted Patents were made, used and sold more than one year prior to the date of application for said patent and are not the inventions of any applicant therefore. They existed as prior art, and, moreover, Plaintiff Taser knew of their existence as prior art and willfully withheld such knowledge from the United States Patent and Trademark Office of the Department of Commerce and the examiners thereof. The invention claims should be invalidated as prior art." (Dkt. #54, ¶ 19).

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On November 6, 2007, Stinger filed an answer and counterclaim for false advertising under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) to TASER's second amended complaint. (Answer to Second Amended Compl., Dkt. #54). Stinger asserted a number of affirmative defenses, including statute of limitations, laches, waiver, estoppel, unclean hands, patent misuse, and inequitable conduct. (Dkt. #54, pp. 4-5). Stinger specifically contends that the TASER patents asserted against Stinger (the `295, `870, and `262 patents) are "unenforceable due to inequitable conduct in the preparation and/or prosecution of the patents before the U.S. Patent Office, due to failure to disclos[e] the known prior art stun gun." (Dkt. #54, ¶ 10).