NIBRSparticipation by State

For example, suppose that an agency introduces a new crime code that needs to be mapped to a specific NIBRS code for all future police reports in which it is used; Peregrine can quickly adapt to that new information within minutes, with no cumbersome update or change order needed.

In 2008, the company unveiled its first body-worn camera, the Axon Pro. It was designed to be head-mounted, and upload footage for online storage on a web-based service known as Evidence.com. TASER's CEO Rick Smith explained that the products were designed to "help provide revolutionary digital evidence collection, storage and retrieval for law enforcement".[16] The company piloted Axon Pro in various small cities and towns.[16] In 2009, after prosecutor Daniel Shue exonerated Fort Smith police officer Brandon Davis based on footage from an Axon Pro camera, both Davis and Shue began to provide testimonials for the product in its marketing.[16]

Axon Citizen is a cloud-based software solution that allows non-law enforcement personnel to share and upload information, including photos and video, directly to a law enforcement agency.[50][51] Agencies are able to send links to any user, allowing them to upload evidence remotely.[52] This functionality is supported by Axon's Evidence.com evidence management system.[52] The product is described as incident-based system that seeks to "structure" and "streamline" the collection of crowd-sourced evidence.[53]

On April 5, 2017, TASER announced that it had rebranded as Axon to reflect its expanded business. The company also announced an intent to offer free one-year trials of its body-worn camera products and Evidence.com services to U.S. law enforcement agencies. While the Taser product line still contributes to a significant portion of its revenue, the company's technologies business had seen major gains.[22] As of 2017, they comprised a quarter of the company's business, while Axon cameras had a market share of 85% among police departments in the United States' major cities.[3] The rebranding was also intended to help distance the company from the negative stigma surrounding the Taser brand, with Smith acknowledging that they were "a bit of a distraction" when recruiting employees for its technology business.[3]

TASER opened an office in Seattle in 2013,[18] and an foreign office in Amsterdam, Netherlands in May 2014.[19] In June 2015, the company announced the formation of a new Seattle-based division known as Axon, which would encompass the company's technology businesses, including body-worn cameras, digital evidence management, and analytics. Rick Smith explained that the branch was inspired by Microsoft's use of the Xbox brand to branch into entertainment businesses, stating that "Axon was the name that we used for selling cameras historically, but we realized that brand had the room to grow and encompass all of our connected technologies." The Taser brand would still be used for the company's weapons products.[20][21]

In January 2016, TASER International was sued by Digital Ally for infringing its two U.S. patents on the automatic activation of law enforcement body-worn cameras. TASER International called the suit "frivolous and egregious".[65]

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The company also took significant action against competitors, acquiring the aforementioned Tasertron, and aggressively defending its patents. Patent lawsuits by TASER International led to the shutdown of Stinger Systems and its successor company, Karbon Arms; Robert Gruder founded both companies. Despite the controversies that have centered around the products (including deaths attributed to taser usage), the company maintained its dominant market position.[13]

There are literally thousands of different crimes, each of which could have multiple codes across various reporting regimes. Manually translating every single type and instance of every crime over the course of a year into the proper NIBRS code is complex and time-consuming.

Two mobile apps integrate with the Axon cameras and Evidence.com. Axon View can be paired with an Axon body-worn camera to review, tag, and stream videos from the camera.[46] The app can give an officer instant replay and on the spot evidence. This evidence can be crucial for officers and prosecutors. A new feature they added was GPS tagging. Officers can automatically map video evidence with real-time tagging of metadata.[47] Axon Capture is an app that can be used to capture audio, photo, and video evidence and upload it to Evidence.com using an officer's mobile phone.[48]

A Californian criminal defense lawyer noted that the Evidence.com terms of service gives the company a "non-exclusive, transferable, irrevocable, royalty-free, sub-licensable, worldwide license" to use photos and videos uploaded by its users, and that their policies may violate California privacy law (especially in regards to data involving juveniles).[66]

Collating and sharing crime statistics is an onerous, manual process rife with challenges. From the outset, valid concerns that data may be inaccurate, incomprehensive, or include content that should not be disclosed for privacy reasons materially slow both proactive and reactive reporting – whether it's NIBRS reporting or another data set. The logistics of collating fragmented information simply make timely reporting too hard. Case in point – in 2021, according to the FBI, the overall crime statistics for California, Florida, and Maryland were based on NIBRS reporting via NIBRS from only a fraction of law enforcement agencies in each state for that year.

Evidence.com is a cloud-based digital evidence management system that allows law enforcement agencies to manage, review, and share digital evidence, particularly video evidence captured with Axon-branded cameras.[12] It includes an automated redaction tool, audit trails for chain of custody purposes, and integrated evidence sharing features.[45] A free application is offered specifically for prosecutors to receive and manage digital evidence.[45]

NIBRScrime types

Its initial product and former namesake is the Taser, a line of electroshock weapons. The company has since diversified into technology products for military and law enforcement, including body-worn cameras, dashcams, computer-aided dispatch software, and Evidence.com, a cloud-based digital evidence platform. As of 2017, body-worn cameras and associated services comprise a quarter of Axon's overall business.[3]

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So, Peregrine delivered a better way forward for our customers – an automated tool to map disparate crimes codes to the NIBRS codes, quickly and accurately.

Peregrine’s process is easy, automated, and unique to every department we work with. Rather than spending dozens of hours manually wrangling NIBRS reporting or wrestling with unwieldy software, our customers can reallocate that time towards preventing and reducing crime, producing sophisticated crime analyses, or coordinating with neighboring departments.

In 2005, TASER International began to offer an accessory for its taser products, TASER Cam, which added a grip-mounted camera that activated automatically when the safety was disengaged. By October 2010, at least 45,000 TASER Cams had been sold.[14][15]

Let’s use a hypothetical example with notional codes for a criminal offense that mirrors the manual mapping police departments do today. The SRS offense code used by a given police department for negligent manslaughter with a vehicle is 0824. The state code is 0722.

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Today, there are Summary Reporting System (SRS) codes – from the old UCR reporting framework – as well as state and local codes. Because of the transition to NIBRS, police departments must use the proper NIBRS code when reporting crime statistics in their jurisdiction.

In 1969, NASA researcher Jack Cover began to develop a non-lethal electric weapon to help police officers control suspects, as an alternative to firearms.[4] By 1974, Cover had completed the device, which he named the "Tom Swift Electric Rifle" (TSER), referencing the 1911 novel Tom Swift and his Electric Rifle; to make it easier to pronounce as a word, Cover later added an "A" to the acronym to form "TASER".[5] The Taser Public Defender used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976,[6][7] a decision that limited sales.[8] In 1980, the Los Angeles Police Department conducted a successful field test of an improved version (having reconsidered its earlier rejections of the technology after the shooting of Eula Love). Still, the device remained commercially unsuccessful and Cover's company, Taser Systems Inc., collapsed.[8]

Police department personnel want to spend their time serving and protecting communities, not struggling with manually collating crime statistics.

NIBRSdata

This lawsuit represents the fifty-ninth (59th) wrongful death or injury lawsuit that has been dismissed or judgment entered in favor of TASER International. This number includes a small number of police officer training injury lawsuits that were settled and dismissed in cases where the settlement economics to TASER International were significantly less than the cost of litigation. One of these cases is that on Feb. 15, 2006, one officer Officer accidentally discharged TASER device on his daughter.[54] TASER International has lost two product liability lawsuits.[55]

For too long, cutting-edge technologies that allow organizations to get the most from their data have been reserved for the largest federal agencies and Fortune 500 companies.

The challenge lies in how police departments categorize criminal offenses. Most codes that correspond to a given crime are state or local codes that align with a state or municipality’s criminal statutes. There are nearly 18,000 police departments across the U.S., and they all use different combinations of local, state, and federal codes.

After nearly going bankrupt marketing other products such as an electroshock-based anti-theft system for automobiles known as "Auto Taser",[12] the company, later renamed TASER International, introduced its TASER M26 weapon in 1999.[11] With a $6.8 million deficit in 2001, TASER International took steps to improve sales by offering to pay police officers to train others on how to use their products; this marketing technique helped enhance the company's market share, reaching $24.5 million in net sales by 2003, and nearly $68 million in 2004.[11] In May 2001, it filed for an initial public offering and began trading on NASDAQ under the stock symbol TASR.[citation needed]

NIBRStraining

In January 2021, the Department of Justice transitioned from the Summary Reporting System (SRS) to the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. Now, NIBRS reporting is the national standard for law enforcement crime data.

In 2022, a Canadian policeman in Ontario was shot and killed, with an Axon body-worn camera recording the death, marking the first such case in Canada.[24][25]

This means SRS, state, and local codes for a given crime need to be mapped to the NIBRS code for that same crime when a department shares crime statistics with the federal government. Each department might have different codes for different offenses, so there is no one-size-fits-all solution, making the mapping process manual and onerous.

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In addition to body-worn cameras, Axon also offers interview room and in-car video systems, known as Axon Interview and Axon Fleet respectively. These systems, like the body-worn cameras, integrate with the Evidence.com service.[43][44]

So, when there is an instance of negligent manslaughter with a vehicle, a police officer might denote the crime using one of the codes. It’s even possible that two officers in the same department might use different codes to denote the same crime.

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In 1993, Rick and Tom Smith (CEO Set Jet) formed AIR TASER, Inc. to, with Cover, design a version of the device that would use compressed nitrogen instead of gunpowder as a propellant.[9][10] During development, the company faced competition from another vendor, Tasertron, whose product had become associated with its alleged ineffectiveness during the police confrontation of Rodney King.[11]

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IsNIBRS reportingmandatory

In 2015, it was discovered that several TASER International employees had review bombed listings on Amazon and iTunes Store for Killing Them Safely, a documentary film by Nick Berardini which documented and investigated major incidents that resulted from taser usage.[62][63][64]

Axon Enterprise, Inc. (formerly TASER International) is an American company based in Scottsdale, Arizona that develops technology and weapons products for military, law enforcement, and civilians.[2]

However, on June 6, 2008, the company lost its first product-liability suit.[56] The damages were reduced in the Court of Appeals in 2011.[57] TASER lost its second product liability suit.[58]

The second generation of Axon body-worn cameras were simpler in form and function than the Axon Pro, removing the bulky monitor in favor of mobile phone integration. Many of the features introduced in these cameras,[35] such as the pre-event buffer, a method of capturing video from before the record button was pressed, have become common requirements in body-worn camera requests for proposal. The Axon Flex and Body only record standard definition video.

Today, Peregrine customers can use configurable, automated criminal code mapping in our platform. The mapping tool is unique to their agency, and we can deploy it within minutes or hours due to our dynamic data model, which eliminates the need for an army of software engineers to get involved in gathering requirements for each change or update to data assets in Peregrine.

The lack of continuity – different codes used in different years for the same crime – means collating year-over-year reporting is like comparing apples to oranges.

Our customers are free from manually mapping state, local, and SRS codes to NIBRS codes. Changes that are simple in Peregrine would take dozens of hours in an RMS or CAD system because of the custom coding required.

NIBRSvs UCR

In 2007, Polish immigrant Robert Dziekański died in custody at the Vancouver International Airport after Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers used a Taser on him multiple times. A provincial inquiry found the use to be unjustified, and in 2013, the British Columbia Coroners Service ruled the death to be a homicide—citing a heart attack caused by the repeated jolts as cause of death. The incident provoked discussion and inquiries into the appropriateness of Taser use in law enforcement in Canada.[59][60]

Evidence Sync is a desktop application that allows users to review and upload evidence from hardware devices and local files. It is also used to upload logs from Taser weapons to Evidence.com. It can also be used in offline mode to directly access files.

NIBRSManual

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In June 2022, after Axon proposed a plan for taser-armed drones to stop school shootings, Axon's institutional review board expressed disagreement with the plan[67] and issued a unanimous statement of concern.[68] Nine members of the board resigned.[69]

Axon Signal is a range of products that are designed to automatically trigger recordings on Axon cameras in response to certain events, such as Signal Vehicle (which can trigger after the opening of doors or activation of sirens), Signal Performance Power Magazine (a successor to the TASER Cam accessory that triggers recordings when an Taser is armed), and Signal Sidearm (a sensor for handgun holsters which triggers recording when the gun is removed).[49]

Taser's original body-worn camera, the Axon Pro, was introduced in 2009.[12] The camera consists of three components, a head-mounted camera, a controller, and a monitor to review video recordings.[34]

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Especially in the wake of the Michael Brown shooting, the company's body-worn camera business saw significant growth. Smith argued that the company was "not just about weapons, but about providing transparency and solving related data problems."[12] In April 2013, the Rialto Police Department released the results of a 12-month study on the impact of on-officer video using Axon Flex cameras. The study found an 88% drop in complaints filed against officers and nearly a 60% reduction in officer use-of-force incidents.[17]

Think of a data model as a digital blueprint of the world, containing all the objects — People, Places, and Things — your staff analyzes and connects when they run a search, produce a report, or respond to a call for service. Each object is a collection of attributes — a specific vehicle’s attributes are its make, model, and year. Our data model knows how objects relate to one other in the real world, and automatically creates links between objects. Dive deeper on the data model here.

Reporting crime statistics – whether it be on a national, state, or local level – is vital for informing crime prevention strategies and transparently engaging with communities and elected officials about departmental priorities.

When it’s time to report crime statistics to the FBI, SRS and state-level codes need to be mapped to the NIBRS code for the same offense, 08A.

The example used above is a simple one – there’s a 1:1 relationship between an SRS code and a NIBRS code – but that’s not always the case. Crimes across different reporting regimes don’t always have a 1:1 correlation, which can lead to multiple officers classifying the same crime differently due to the code they use, resulting in errors in federal crime data.

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