The Toronto Police Services Board (the Board) is committed to providing fair, effective, efficient, equitable and accountable policing services to the members of all of our communities, in accordance with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Human Rights Code of Ontario. The Board is also committed to ensuring that the inherent worth and dignity of all individuals who come into contact with police is respected in all interactions.

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“When you look at birds and ants and bees, they can do beautiful, complex behaviours by co-ordinating and so we take inspiration from that to co-ordinate large numbers of robots,” she said.

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The twin-engine drones were developed by UK company Windracers, whose aircraft are also being tested in Antarctica to help experts forecast the impacts of climate change.

In addition, the manner in which body-worn camera use is implemented and governed could have a substantial impact on their effectiveness as it relates to cases of excessive use of force or other matters that may engage the police oversight system. Similarly, access to recordings must also be strictly governed, both to prevent breach of privacy by both internal and external actors, and to ensure that all recordings are preserved in their full, unedited form on the system, throughout their retention period. Finally, the transparency of the implementation of this Policy by the Service, including public access to information on its effectiveness in achieving the Policy’s goals, is a critical element of building the public trust necessary for the achievement of the Policy’s purposes and goals.

The Board will monitor the Service’s implementation of this Policy to mitigate these risks, including the provision of robust training to Service Members to ensure the effective deployment of this tool. The Board will also continue to monitor best practices and recommendations made by relevant stakeholders to identify possible revisions to this Policy, where appropriate. The Board will also continue to work with the Service and a broad range of stakeholders to identify other opportunities and strategies to achieve the crucial goals of delivering professional policing in a manner that respects individuals’ dignity, privacy, worth and human rights.

But because of climate change the UK is seeing longer periods of dry, warm weather, creating the conditions for small fires to become much larger incidents, it says.

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It is, therefore, the policy of the Toronto Police Services Board that the Chief of Police, in consultation with the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario and other relevant stakeholders, will develop Procedure(s) that:

A team of firefighters, scientists and engineers are working on a project they say will allow swarms of up to 30 autonomous planes to spot and extinguish fires by working collectively using artificial intelligence.

By recording interactions with members of the public, body-worn cameras have been advanced as one way to increase transparency, enhance accountability for rights protections and situations in which force is used during an interaction with police, and improve law enforcement practices by identifying where a need may exist for additional training, supervision or discipline. Body-worn cameras will also enable the timely and fair investigation of any allegations of misconduct by Service Members, and a quick resolution of complaints.

The team hope the large drones' lifting power will allow them to carry water or retardant as options for putting out a blaze. In this early test the drones only descended towards the bin to mimic approaching the fire.

The drones that researchers want to eventually use for firefighting are large twin-engined aircraft with a wingspan of 9.5m (31ft) and large water-carrying capacity.

But he’s not certain the technology is there yet, with questions remaining about the amount of water or retardant the drones would need to carry to be effective.

The BBC was invited to an airfield in Cornwall to watch a small-scale swarm trial using one of these along with two smaller test drones. A fire was lit in a bin and the aircraft worked together autonomously to spot it, according to researchers.

While any real-world use of the technology would need to be approved by regulators, Nickolay Jelev, from Windracer says that the primary aim of the drone swarms would be to prevent fires from turning into infernos.

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The Board acknowledges that the use of body-worn cameras is not without its own challenges. There are important concerns surrounding privacy, particularly where what could be perceived as surveillance of vulnerable people and racialized communities is concerned, or in sensitive situations such as domestic violence calls.

“Fundamentally it is an exciting technology and will in the future for sure be part of the solution, but only part of the solution,” he said.

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Technology, Accountability, Interaction with Public, Equipment and Uniform, Privacy, Data and Records, Community Relations, Human Rights, Professional Conduct

If a swarm of drones can do the work at lower cost with no deaths, that would be a big win, said Prof Stefan Doerr, the head of Swansea University's Centre for Wildfire Research, who is independent from the project.

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The drones are already designed to fly without any intervention from remote pilots, even handling changes in flight conditions themselves.

accountability, data and records, interaction with public, human rights, community relations, privacy, equipment and uniform, technology, professional conduct

Most wildfires in the UK are started by human activities, such as using barbecues in the open, the careless disposal of smoking materials or deliberate fires that then grow larger, according to the National Fire Chief’s Council (NFCC).

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The NFCC says that since 2021 there have been over 1,500 wildfires in England and Wales, according to new data from National Resilience, which coordinates the response to significant, serious or catastrophic incidents.

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It is the purpose of this Policy to authorize the Service to deploy and use body-worn cameras and to ensure that their use by the Service occurs in such a way as to ensure the following public interests are served:

AI drones working individually and together in swarms open up the possibility of monitoring huge areas the size of the state of California, and detecting and responding to remote fires more quickly, she says.

The Board recognizes the important constitutional principle: that individuals have a justified expectation of privacy as they go about their daily business, even within public spaces, and this expectation must be respected subject to reasonable limits.

In addition, body-worn cameras are an effective tool for gathering evidence and providing a more accurate record of events, thus improving the work of the criminal justice system as a whole.

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Similar to how a flock of birds can fly in a co-ordinated manner, a swarm can adapt to changes, so the drones can be deployed long-term, with no gaps in coverage if some have to drop out to refuel, researchers say.

The next stage - swarm engineering - is about making many robots work together in real world applications, says Prof Sabine Hauert from the University of Bristol, one of the project partners.

The research is still in the test phase and has not been used on a wildfire, but the team claims it is the first to combine unpiloted drone technology with swarm engineering in the field of firefighting.

The best part of the solution, he thinks, will be preventative: managing the landscape so that fires don’t become extreme in the first place.