88/379/EEC Council Directive of 7 June 1988 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations This directive has four adaptations to the technical progress. 90/492/EEC Commission Directive of 5 September 1990 adapting to technical progress for the second time Council Directive 88/379/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations 2455/92/EEC Council Regulation of 23 July 1992 concerning the export and import of certain dangerous chemicals 91/338/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for the 10th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

90/492/EEC Commission Directive of 5 September 1990 adapting to technical progress for the second time Council Directive 88/379/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations 2455/92/EEC Council Regulation of 23 July 1992 concerning the export and import of certain dangerous chemicals 91/338/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for the 10th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

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This document consists of:  EU symbols and indications of danger  EU standard risk phrases (R-phrases)  EU standard safety phrases (S-phrases)  list of dangerous substances with the classification and labelling requirements  IARC list of cancer causing substances, carcinogens  list of chemicals with properties potential to cause major hazard  list of some substances and products which are subject to a ban or restrictions in EU countries  UN list of hazard classes for transport of dangerous goods  UN symbols for transport of dangerous goods  2. Identification and Classification The objective is to identify the hazardous properties of chemicals which may constitute a risk during normal handling or use, risks to health, property or the environment. The user of the chemicals is also to be introduced to the hazards they present and given the basic information, in a suitable manner, such as using a properly made label. In this document one component chemical is called a substance, a mixture composed of two or more substances is called a preparation. The hazards of preparations can be assessed using the information on hazards of their component substances. (See example 2.) For classification purposes the degree of hazard depends not only on the properties of a dangerous substance but also on the level of exposure. This refers to the concentration of hazardous components in the mixtures. In order to assess a preparation it is essential to know also the quantities of its hazardous minor components. The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

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Healthhazard symbol

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91/338/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for the 10th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

Irritantsymbol

The pictorial symbol indicating danger is drawn in black and the background colour should be orange. The dimensions of the label:

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Hazardsymbols and meanings

The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

92/32/EEC Council Directive of 30 April 1992 amending for the seventh time Directive 67/548/EEC on approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous substances 88/379/EEC Council Directive of 7 June 1988 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations This directive has four adaptations to the technical progress. 90/492/EEC Commission Directive of 5 September 1990 adapting to technical progress for the second time Council Directive 88/379/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations 2455/92/EEC Council Regulation of 23 July 1992 concerning the export and import of certain dangerous chemicals 91/338/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for the 10th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

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91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

For further information please contact the International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre at Tel: +41.22.799.6740, Fax: +41.22.799.8516 or E-mail: cis@ilo.org [ SafeWork Home | Protection Home ]

GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

hazardsymbols意思

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The hazards of preparations can be assessed using the information on hazards of their component substances. (See example 2.) For classification purposes the degree of hazard depends not only on the properties of a dangerous substance but also on the level of exposure. This refers to the concentration of hazardous components in the mixtures. In order to assess a preparation it is essential to know also the quantities of its hazardous minor components. The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

Corrosivesymbol

The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

Toxicsymbol

The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

In this document one component chemical is called a substance, a mixture composed of two or more substances is called a preparation. The hazards of preparations can be assessed using the information on hazards of their component substances. (See example 2.) For classification purposes the degree of hazard depends not only on the properties of a dangerous substance but also on the level of exposure. This refers to the concentration of hazardous components in the mixtures. In order to assess a preparation it is essential to know also the quantities of its hazardous minor components. The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

Nov 1, 2010 — Taser Cameras. By David Rittgers. SHARE. UPI is reporting that the Taser Corporation is selling cameras that mount on their stun guns. The ...

Flammablesymbol

ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

The first and most essential step leading to safe use of chemicals is to know their identity, to their hazards to health and the environment and the means to control them. This knowledge should be available with reasonable effort and cost. Furthermore, this inherently complex knowledge must be organized in such a way that essential information on the hazards and corresponding protective measures can be identified and conveyed to the user in a form that is easy to understand. The hazard classification and labelling process is an essential tool for establishing an effective information transfer so that the degree of the hazard the chemical represents for man and the environment can be recognized, the correct preventive actions be chosen, and safe use achieved. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has adopted the Convention No. 170 and Recommendation No. 177 on `Safety in the use of chemicals at work' in 1990. International, regional, and national classification and labelling systems are already established and tested in practice.  The United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods is widely recognized and used among the UN member states.  An example of a system that has been designed for use in several countries is the classification and labelling system of the European Communities (EC).  Several functioning national systems, such as those of Canada and USA, may also be used as models for national systems.  This guide could be used as training material or at places of work when individual labels are checked or prepared using the data on chemical substances listed in Annex 4. It may also serve as reference material, or as a manual, providing basic safety information on these substances. This guide describes the labelling system used in the countries of the European Union (EU) as an example and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods is also briefly presented. This document consists of:  EU symbols and indications of danger  EU standard risk phrases (R-phrases)  EU standard safety phrases (S-phrases)  list of dangerous substances with the classification and labelling requirements  IARC list of cancer causing substances, carcinogens  list of chemicals with properties potential to cause major hazard  list of some substances and products which are subject to a ban or restrictions in EU countries  UN list of hazard classes for transport of dangerous goods  UN symbols for transport of dangerous goods  2. Identification and Classification The objective is to identify the hazardous properties of chemicals which may constitute a risk during normal handling or use, risks to health, property or the environment. The user of the chemicals is also to be introduced to the hazards they present and given the basic information, in a suitable manner, such as using a properly made label. In this document one component chemical is called a substance, a mixture composed of two or more substances is called a preparation. The hazards of preparations can be assessed using the information on hazards of their component substances. (See example 2.) For classification purposes the degree of hazard depends not only on the properties of a dangerous substance but also on the level of exposure. This refers to the concentration of hazardous components in the mixtures. In order to assess a preparation it is essential to know also the quantities of its hazardous minor components. The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

67/548/EEC Council Directive of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous substances This directive has been amended seven times and has eighteen adaptations to technical progress. 91/325/EEC Commission Directive of 1 March 1991 adapting to technical progress of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous substances 92/32/EEC Council Directive of 30 April 1992 amending for the seventh time Directive 67/548/EEC on approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous substances 88/379/EEC Council Directive of 7 June 1988 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations This directive has four adaptations to the technical progress. 90/492/EEC Commission Directive of 5 September 1990 adapting to technical progress for the second time Council Directive 88/379/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations 2455/92/EEC Council Regulation of 23 July 1992 concerning the export and import of certain dangerous chemicals 91/338/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for the 10th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

91/325/EEC Commission Directive of 1 March 1991 adapting to technical progress of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous substances 92/32/EEC Council Directive of 30 April 1992 amending for the seventh time Directive 67/548/EEC on approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous substances 88/379/EEC Council Directive of 7 June 1988 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations This directive has four adaptations to the technical progress. 90/492/EEC Commission Directive of 5 September 1990 adapting to technical progress for the second time Council Directive 88/379/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations 2455/92/EEC Council Regulation of 23 July 1992 concerning the export and import of certain dangerous chemicals 91/338/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for the 10th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

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This directive has been amended seven times and has eighteen adaptations to technical progress. 91/325/EEC Commission Directive of 1 March 1991 adapting to technical progress of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous substances 92/32/EEC Council Directive of 30 April 1992 amending for the seventh time Directive 67/548/EEC on approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous substances 88/379/EEC Council Directive of 7 June 1988 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations This directive has four adaptations to the technical progress. 90/492/EEC Commission Directive of 5 September 1990 adapting to technical progress for the second time Council Directive 88/379/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations 2455/92/EEC Council Regulation of 23 July 1992 concerning the export and import of certain dangerous chemicals 91/338/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for the 10th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

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To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

For classification purposes the degree of hazard depends not only on the properties of a dangerous substance but also on the level of exposure. This refers to the concentration of hazardous components in the mixtures. In order to assess a preparation it is essential to know also the quantities of its hazardous minor components. The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

The corner pockets are made of heavy duty, 4-ply, minimum 14 oz. material. Each pocket is bar-tacked for added strength and double stitched directly to the back of the sign for durability. All signs come with high-quality, UV resistant polyester/glass fiber “pultrusion” ribs that are joined at the center with a special heavy-duty, low profile rivet to minimize scuffing and wear. Additional features include a velcro closure strip for keeping signs tightly rolled and printed legends on the outer edge of the sign for easy identification when sign is rolled for storage and transport.

2. Workplace label:must appear on all products produced in a workplace or transferred to other containers by the employer; may appear in placard form on products received in bulk.

In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

2455/92/EEC Council Regulation of 23 July 1992 concerning the export and import of certain dangerous chemicals 91/338/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for the 10th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

The International Labour Organization (ILO) has adopted the Convention No. 170 and Recommendation No. 177 on `Safety in the use of chemicals at work' in 1990. International, regional, and national classification and labelling systems are already established and tested in practice.  The United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods is widely recognized and used among the UN member states.  An example of a system that has been designed for use in several countries is the classification and labelling system of the European Communities (EC).  Several functioning national systems, such as those of Canada and USA, may also be used as models for national systems.  This guide could be used as training material or at places of work when individual labels are checked or prepared using the data on chemical substances listed in Annex 4. It may also serve as reference material, or as a manual, providing basic safety information on these substances. This guide describes the labelling system used in the countries of the European Union (EU) as an example and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods is also briefly presented. This document consists of:  EU symbols and indications of danger  EU standard risk phrases (R-phrases)  EU standard safety phrases (S-phrases)  list of dangerous substances with the classification and labelling requirements  IARC list of cancer causing substances, carcinogens  list of chemicals with properties potential to cause major hazard  list of some substances and products which are subject to a ban or restrictions in EU countries  UN list of hazard classes for transport of dangerous goods  UN symbols for transport of dangerous goods  2. Identification and Classification The objective is to identify the hazardous properties of chemicals which may constitute a risk during normal handling or use, risks to health, property or the environment. The user of the chemicals is also to be introduced to the hazards they present and given the basic information, in a suitable manner, such as using a properly made label. In this document one component chemical is called a substance, a mixture composed of two or more substances is called a preparation. The hazards of preparations can be assessed using the information on hazards of their component substances. (See example 2.) For classification purposes the degree of hazard depends not only on the properties of a dangerous substance but also on the level of exposure. This refers to the concentration of hazardous components in the mixtures. In order to assess a preparation it is essential to know also the quantities of its hazardous minor components. The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

The hazard classification and labelling process is an essential tool for establishing an effective information transfer so that the degree of the hazard the chemical represents for man and the environment can be recognized, the correct preventive actions be chosen, and safe use achieved. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has adopted the Convention No. 170 and Recommendation No. 177 on `Safety in the use of chemicals at work' in 1990. International, regional, and national classification and labelling systems are already established and tested in practice.  The United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods is widely recognized and used among the UN member states.  An example of a system that has been designed for use in several countries is the classification and labelling system of the European Communities (EC).  Several functioning national systems, such as those of Canada and USA, may also be used as models for national systems.  This guide could be used as training material or at places of work when individual labels are checked or prepared using the data on chemical substances listed in Annex 4. It may also serve as reference material, or as a manual, providing basic safety information on these substances. This guide describes the labelling system used in the countries of the European Union (EU) as an example and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods is also briefly presented. This document consists of:  EU symbols and indications of danger  EU standard risk phrases (R-phrases)  EU standard safety phrases (S-phrases)  list of dangerous substances with the classification and labelling requirements  IARC list of cancer causing substances, carcinogens  list of chemicals with properties potential to cause major hazard  list of some substances and products which are subject to a ban or restrictions in EU countries  UN list of hazard classes for transport of dangerous goods  UN symbols for transport of dangerous goods  2. Identification and Classification The objective is to identify the hazardous properties of chemicals which may constitute a risk during normal handling or use, risks to health, property or the environment. The user of the chemicals is also to be introduced to the hazards they present and given the basic information, in a suitable manner, such as using a properly made label. In this document one component chemical is called a substance, a mixture composed of two or more substances is called a preparation. The hazards of preparations can be assessed using the information on hazards of their component substances. (See example 2.) For classification purposes the degree of hazard depends not only on the properties of a dangerous substance but also on the level of exposure. This refers to the concentration of hazardous components in the mixtures. In order to assess a preparation it is essential to know also the quantities of its hazardous minor components. The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

The key to have the symbol picture is in Annex 1. The key to have a sentence in words is for the risk phrases in Annex 2. and for the safety phrases in Annex 3.

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IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

Hazard symbol

Generally, no account needs to be taken of substances if they are present in following amounts, unless another lower limit has been specifically given:  less than 0.1% by weight for substances classified as very toxic T+, or toxic T  less than 1% for substances classified as harmful Xn, corrosive C, irritant Xi,  Information such as "non-toxic", "not harmful" should not be used in the labels. The pictorial symbol indicating danger is drawn in black and the background colour should be orange. The dimensions of the label:

This directive has four adaptations to the technical progress. 90/492/EEC Commission Directive of 5 September 1990 adapting to technical progress for the second time Council Directive 88/379/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packing and labelling of dangerous preparations 2455/92/EEC Council Regulation of 23 July 1992 concerning the export and import of certain dangerous chemicals 91/338/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for the 10th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 76/769/EEC Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

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88/364/EEC Council Directive of 9 June 1988 on the protection of workers by banning of certain specified agents and/or certain work activities (Fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC) 91/339/EEC Council Directive of 18 June 1991 amending for 11th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations 91/659/EEC Commission Directive of 3 December 1991 adapting to technical progress Annex I to Council Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the restrictions on the marketing of certain dangerous substances and preparations (asbestos) GARDNER and COOKE, Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names, Technical Press, London HEALTH and SAFETY COMMISSION, Information Approved for the Classification, Packing and Labelling of Dangerous Substances for Supply and Conveyance by Road, 2nd Ed., London 1988 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Code of Practice: Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1993 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Convention No. 170 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Recommendation No. 177 Concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work, Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol I - III, Geneva 1983 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Major Hazard Control, A Practical Manual, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1990 ILO, International Labour Organisation, Occupational Cancer: Prevention and Control, Occupational Safety and Health Series 39, 2nd Ed., Geneva 1988 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Chemical Safety, Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology, Training Module No 1, Geneva 1992 IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria Series IPCS, International Programme on Chemical Safety and CEC, Commission of the European Communities, International Chemical Safety Cards National Board of Labour Protection, Finland, Dangerous Chemicals Classification, Warning Labelling, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1991 SAX N.I. and LEWIS R.J.Sr, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, VII ed., Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 1988 UNITED NATIONS, Transport of Dangerous Goods, 8th Ed., New York 1993  Table of contents | Previous Chapter| Next Chapter

International, regional, and national classification and labelling systems are already established and tested in practice.  The United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods is widely recognized and used among the UN member states.  An example of a system that has been designed for use in several countries is the classification and labelling system of the European Communities (EC).  Several functioning national systems, such as those of Canada and USA, may also be used as models for national systems.  This guide could be used as training material or at places of work when individual labels are checked or prepared using the data on chemical substances listed in Annex 4. It may also serve as reference material, or as a manual, providing basic safety information on these substances. This guide describes the labelling system used in the countries of the European Union (EU) as an example and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods is also briefly presented. This document consists of:  EU symbols and indications of danger  EU standard risk phrases (R-phrases)  EU standard safety phrases (S-phrases)  list of dangerous substances with the classification and labelling requirements  IARC list of cancer causing substances, carcinogens  list of chemicals with properties potential to cause major hazard  list of some substances and products which are subject to a ban or restrictions in EU countries  UN list of hazard classes for transport of dangerous goods  UN symbols for transport of dangerous goods  2. Identification and Classification The objective is to identify the hazardous properties of chemicals which may constitute a risk during normal handling or use, risks to health, property or the environment. The user of the chemicals is also to be introduced to the hazards they present and given the basic information, in a suitable manner, such as using a properly made label. In this document one component chemical is called a substance, a mixture composed of two or more substances is called a preparation. The hazards of preparations can be assessed using the information on hazards of their component substances. (See example 2.) For classification purposes the degree of hazard depends not only on the properties of a dangerous substance but also on the level of exposure. This refers to the concentration of hazardous components in the mixtures. In order to assess a preparation it is essential to know also the quantities of its hazardous minor components. The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1:

The user of the chemicals is also to be introduced to the hazards they present and given the basic information, in a suitable manner, such as using a properly made label. In this document one component chemical is called a substance, a mixture composed of two or more substances is called a preparation. The hazards of preparations can be assessed using the information on hazards of their component substances. (See example 2.) For classification purposes the degree of hazard depends not only on the properties of a dangerous substance but also on the level of exposure. This refers to the concentration of hazardous components in the mixtures. In order to assess a preparation it is essential to know also the quantities of its hazardous minor components. The EU classification and labelling system used here as an example can be applied to dangerous substances and preparations. However, this system should not be applied to medical or veterinary products, cosmetics, munitions or explosives, pesticides specified elsewhere, waste and foodstuffs or animal feedstuffs in the finished stage. These have their own specifications and requirements for labelling. 3. What is a hazardous chemical ? The following properties contribute to risk to health resulting from acute, repeated or prolonged exposure:  very toxic or toxic  harmful  corrosive  irritant  cancer causing  hazards to reproduction  can cause non-heritable birth defects  sensitizing  Fire and explosion hazards may be classified as follows  explosive  oxidizing  extremely flammable  highly flammable  flammable  The following properties present a hazard to the environment and are:  toxic to living organisms  persistent in the environment  bioaccumulative  Also substances and preparations that cannot be classified by using the above system may be regarded as dangerous if they have properties which are hazardous to health, to living organisms or if they can damage property. 4. How to pass on the information to users? All chemicals, both substances and preparations, should have a clear marking to indicate their identity. The packages and containers of dangerous substances and preparations should, in addition to marking only, to have a label with required information. The label should draw attention to the inherent danger to persons handling or using the chemical. Symbols and pictograms have been established for each hazard category listed above. The symbol forms an integral part of the label and gives an immediate idea of the types of hazards that the substance or the preparation may cause. (Annex 1) To specify the type of danger pertinent standard risk phrases should also be included in the label. (Annex 2) Advice on the precautions necessary in the handling of chemicals are given with standard safety phrases also included in the label. (Annex 3) 5. Where to find information about hazardous chemicals? The chemical supplier, manufacturer or importer, should be able to provide detailed information and a Safety Data Sheet. In certain countries, such as those of the EU, the manufacturer or importer has the obligation to find and give adequate information about a chemical for assessment of the health and environmental hazards of his chemical for handling and for its labelling. Safety data sheets have been prepared on many dangerous substances and preparations by manufacturers. These should go together with the product to the occupational user. The information in these is not always validated or checked. On pure substances International Chemical Safety Cards are available. These contain validated basic information, which may be used also for preparing safety data sheets on chemical preparations or products. Lists of classified chemicals exist in several national legislations and regulations which provide information on local requirements in the handling of dangerous chemicals. The information for classification, and labels, may be obtained from tests, from literature, from practical experience and from information requirements by international rules on the transport of dangerous substances and wastes. Some sources of information are listed in the bibliography. 6. How to classify for a label? The label is the basic tool to keep the user informed on the classification and the most important safety precautions. This information must be given if the preparation contains at least one substance classified as dangerous to man or the environment or if the preparation is otherwise regarded as dangerous, e.g. flammable, explosive. (Annex 4) In EU countries the label must clearly show  the trade name  the name and the address, including telephone number, of the manufacturer, the importer or the distributor  the chemical name of the substance (in the case of a preparation, the chemical names of the hazardous components)  danger symbols  risk phrases (R-phrases)  safety phrases (S-phrases)  the quantity of the contents of the package or container  The labels should be in the national, official language(s). The label should show the chemical names of substances that are primarily responsible for the hazards. As a general rule a maximum of four chemical names on the label should be sufficient. In some cases, more than four names may be necessary; for example all cancer causing substances in the preparation must be identified and the corresponding R- and S-phrases presented on the label. If the preparation contains one or more of the substances requiring the following R-phrases, both the name of the substance and the R-phrase should be mentioned in the label:  R39, R40, R42, R43, R42/43, R45, R46, R47, R48, R49, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64  As a general rule a maximum of four R-phrases and four S- phrases should suffice to describe the risks and to formulate the most appropriate safety advice. Symbols showing the most serious hazards should be chosen where more than one danger symbol has to be assigned. As a general rule a maximum of two danger symbols are used. The explanation of the letter symbols appearing in the attached lists are given below. Each letter symbol refers to a danger symbol or pictogram in Annex 1: