Send the signal signalnum to the thread thread_id, another thread in the same process as the caller. The target thread can be executing any code (Python or not). However, if the target thread is executing the Python interpreter, the Python signal handlers will be executed by the main thread of the main interpreter. Therefore, the only point of sending a signal to a particular Python thread would be to force a running system call to fail with InterruptedError.

When threads are enabled, this function can only be called from the main thread of the main interpreter; attempting to call it from other threads will cause a ValueError exception to be raised.

mask is a set of signal numbers (e.g. {signal.SIGINT, signal.SIGTERM}). Use valid_signals() for a full mask including all signals.

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SIG_UNBLOCK: The signals in mask are removed from the current set of blocked signals. It is permissible to attempt to unblock a signal which is not blocked.

Change system call restart behaviour: if flag is False, system calls will be restarted when interrupted by signal signalnum, otherwise system calls will be interrupted. Returns nothing.

A handler for a particular signal, once set, remains installed until it is explicitly reset (Python emulates the BSD style interface regardless of the underlying implementation), with the exception of the handler for SIGCHLD, which follows the underlying implementation.

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Changed in version 3.5: The function is now retried if interrupted by a signal not in sigset and the signal handler does not raise an exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

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There are two common ways to use this function. In both approaches, you use the fd to wake up when a signal arrives, but then they differ in how they determine which signal or signals have arrived.

Set the handler for signal signalnum to the function handler. handler can be a callable Python object taking two arguments (see below), or one of the special values signal.SIG_IGN or signal.SIG_DFL. The previous signal handler will be returned (see the description of getsignal() above). (See the Unix man page signal(2) for further information.)

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Sets given interval timer (one of signal.ITIMER_REAL, signal.ITIMER_VIRTUAL or signal.ITIMER_PROF) specified by which to fire after seconds (float is accepted, different from alarm()) and after that every interval seconds (if interval is non-zero). The interval timer specified by which can be cleared by setting seconds to zero.

Python signal handlers are always executed in the main Python thread of the main interpreter, even if the signal was received in another thread. This means that signals can’t be used as a means of inter-thread communication. You can use the synchronization primitives from the threading module instead.

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Returns the description of signal signalnum, such as “Interrupt” for SIGINT. Returns None if signalnum has no description. Raises ValueError if signalnum is invalid.

When threads are enabled, this function can only be called from the main thread of the main interpreter; attempting to call it from other threads will cause a ValueError exception to be raised.

This is one of two standard signal handling options; it will simply perform the default function for the signal. For example, on most systems the default action for SIGQUIT is to dump core and exit, while the default action for SIGCHLD is to simply ignore it.

Piping output of your program to tools like head(1) will cause a SIGPIPE signal to be sent to your process when the receiver of its standard output closes early. This results in an exception like BrokenPipeError: [Errno 32] Broken pipe. To handle this case, wrap your entry point to catch this exception as follows:

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The handler is called with two arguments: the signal number and the current stack frame (None or a frame object; for a description of frame objects, see the description in the type hierarchy or see the attribute descriptions in the inspect module).

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On Windows, signal() can only be called with SIGABRT, SIGFPE, SIGILL, SIGINT, SIGSEGV, SIGTERM, or SIGBREAK. A ValueError will be raised in any other case. Note that not all systems define the same set of signal names; an AttributeError will be raised if a signal name is not defined as SIG* module level constant.

In the first approach, we read the data out of the fd’s buffer, and the byte values give you the signal numbers. This is simple, but in rare cases it can run into a problem: generally the fd will have a limited amount of buffer space, and if too many signals arrive too quickly, then the buffer may become full, and some signals may be lost. If you use this approach, then you should set warn_on_full_buffer=True, which will at least cause a warning to be printed to stderr when signals are lost.

The return value is an object representing the data contained in the siginfo_t structure, namely: si_signo, si_code, si_errno, si_pid, si_uid, si_status, si_band.

If signalnum is 0, then no signal is sent, but error checking is still performed; this can be used to check if the target thread is still running.

When an interval timer fires, a signal is sent to the process. The signal sent is dependent on the timer being used; signal.ITIMER_REAL will deliver SIGALRM, signal.ITIMER_VIRTUAL sends SIGVTALRM, and signal.ITIMER_PROF will deliver SIGPROF.

Decrements interval timer both when the process executes and when the system is executing on behalf of the process. Coupled with ITIMER_VIRTUAL, this timer is usually used to profile the time spent by the application in user and kernel space. SIGPROF is delivered upon expiration.

Changed in version 3.5: The function is now retried with the recomputed timeout if interrupted by a signal not in sigset and the signal handler does not raise an exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

For many programs, especially those that merely want to exit on KeyboardInterrupt, this is not a problem, but applications that are complex or require high reliability should avoid raising exceptions from signal handlers. They should also avoid catching KeyboardInterrupt as a means of gracefully shutting down. Instead, they should install their own SIGINT handler. Below is an example of an HTTP server that avoids KeyboardInterrupt:

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A long-running calculation implemented purely in C (such as regular expression matching on a large body of text) may run uninterrupted for an arbitrary amount of time, regardless of any signals received. The Python signal handlers will be called when the calculation finishes.

Note that installing a signal handler with signal() will reset the restart behaviour to interruptible by implicitly calling siginterrupt() with a true flag value for the given signal.

Like sigwaitinfo(), but takes an additional timeout argument specifying a timeout. If timeout is specified as 0, a poll is performed. Returns None if a timeout occurs.

It makes little sense to catch synchronous errors like SIGFPE or SIGSEGV that are caused by an invalid operation in C code. Python will return from the signal handler to the C code, which is likely to raise the same signal again, causing Python to apparently hang. From Python 3.3 onwards, you can use the faulthandler module to report on synchronous errors.

Do not set SIGPIPE’s disposition to SIG_DFL in order to avoid BrokenPipeError. Doing that would cause your program to exit unexpectedly whenever any socket connection is interrupted while your program is still writing to it.

A Python signal handler does not get executed inside the low-level (C) signal handler. Instead, the low-level signal handler sets a flag which tells the virtual machine to execute the corresponding Python signal handler at a later point(for example at the next bytecode instruction). This has consequences:

The old wakeup fd is returned (or -1 if file descriptor wakeup was not enabled). If fd is -1, file descriptor wakeup is disabled. If not -1, fd must be non-blocking. It is up to the library to remove any bytes from fd before calling poll or select again.

The signal.signal() function allows defining custom handlers to be executed when a signal is received. A small number of default handlers are installed: SIGPIPE is ignored (so write errors on pipes and sockets can be reported as ordinary Python exceptions) and SIGINT is translated into a KeyboardInterrupt exception if the parent process has not changed it.

On WebAssembly platforms, signals are emulated and therefore behave differently. Several functions and signals are not available on these platforms.

Set the wakeup file descriptor to fd. When a signal is received, the signal number is written as a single byte into the fd. This can be used by a library to wakeup a poll or select call, allowing the signal to be fully processed.

Here is a minimal example program. It uses the alarm() function to limit the time spent waiting to open a file; this is useful if the file is for a serial device that may not be turned on, which would normally cause the os.open() to hang indefinitely. The solution is to set a 5-second alarm before opening the file; if the operation takes too long, the alarm signal will be sent, and the handler raises an exception.

If a signal handler raises an exception, the exception will be propagated to the main thread and may be raised after any bytecode instruction. Most notably, a KeyboardInterrupt may appear at any point during execution. Most Python code, including the standard library, cannot be made robust against this, and so a KeyboardInterrupt (or any other exception resulting from a signal handler) may on rare occasions put the program in an unexpected state.

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If the handler raises an exception, it will be raised “out of thin air” in the main thread. See the note below for a discussion.

All the signal numbers are defined symbolically. For example, the hangup signal is defined as signal.SIGHUP; the variable names are identical to the names used in C programs, as found in . The Unix man page for ‘signal()’ lists the existing signals (on some systems this is signal(2), on others the list is in signal(7)). Note that not all systems define the same set of signal names; only those names defined by the system are defined by this module.

Send signal sig to the process referred to by file descriptor pidfd. Python does not currently support the siginfo parameter; it must be None. The flags argument is provided for future extensions; no flag values are currently defined.

Raised to signal an error from the underlying setitimer() or getitimer() implementation. Expect this error if an invalid interval timer or a negative time is passed to setitimer(). This error is a subtype of OSError.

Suspend execution of the calling thread until the delivery of one of the signals specified in the signal set sigset. The function accepts the signal (removes it from the pending list of signals), and returns the signal number.

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Changed in version 3.5: signal (SIG*), handler (SIG_DFL, SIG_IGN) and sigmask (SIG_BLOCK, SIG_UNBLOCK, SIG_SETMASK) related constants listed below were turned into enums (Signals, Handlers and Sigmasks respectively). getsignal(), pthread_sigmask(), sigpending() and sigwait() functions return human-readable enums as Signals objects.

Fetch and/or change the signal mask of the calling thread. The signal mask is the set of signals whose delivery is currently blocked for the caller. Return the old signal mask as a set of signals.

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Examine the set of signals that are pending for delivery to the calling thread (i.e., the signals which have been raised while blocked). Return the set of the pending signals.

In the second approach, we use the wakeup fd only for wakeups, and ignore the actual byte values. In this case, all we care about is whether the fd’s buffer is empty or non-empty; a full buffer doesn’t indicate a problem at all. If you use this approach, then you should set warn_on_full_buffer=False, so that your users are not confused by spurious warning messages.

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Return the set of valid signal numbers on this platform. This can be less than range(1, NSIG) if some signals are reserved by the system for internal use.

Return the current signal handler for the signal signalnum. The returned value may be a callable Python object, or one of the special values signal.SIG_IGN, signal.SIG_DFL or None. Here, signal.SIG_IGN means that the signal was previously ignored, signal.SIG_DFL means that the default way of handling the signal was previously in use, and None means that the previous signal handler was not installed from Python.

If time is non-zero, this function requests that a SIGALRM signal be sent to the process in time seconds. Any previously scheduled alarm is canceled (only one alarm can be scheduled at any time). The returned value is then the number of seconds before any previously set alarm was to have been delivered. If time is zero, no alarm is scheduled, and any scheduled alarm is canceled. If the return value is zero, no alarm is currently scheduled.

Suspend execution of the calling thread until the delivery of one of the signals specified in the signal set sigset. The function accepts the signal and removes it from the pending list of signals. If one of the signals in sigset is already pending for the calling thread, the function will return immediately with information about that signal. The signal handler is not called for the delivered signal. The function raises an InterruptedError if it is interrupted by a signal that is not in sigset.