Humans generally need to be subjected to 5 to 10 milliamps to even register pain. Inducing mild muscular reactions can require 10mA to 30mA. Defibrillators, by contrast, typically have an output of around 45mA or more.

The output is just under 4mA, and the X2 and 7 CQ models have a warning arc that could be used at contact distance…or you can fire the cartridges.

We’ll go over what those reasons are, and cover some justifications for why one still may choose to carry one and five top stun gun models to consider for those who do.

To be a reliable fight stopper, you'd need to deliver enough amperage to guarantee muscle seizure, which can require anywhere from 50mA to 150mA…but the problem there is that even 100mA (0.1 amp) can be fatal.

Socks absorb sweat and liquids easily. Hence, they can be effectively used to produce a makeshift pad during times of emergency. Wrapping a newspaper around that sock after giving it the shape of a square napkin will surely prevent it from shifting too much. These pads make for efficacious, temporary pads, providing coverage for 1-2 hours, based on your menstrual flow.

Rag pads can be used as an alternative to sanitary pads only during emergencies or in highly urgent situations. One specific thing to remember when using a rag is to check its liquid-absorbency level. Menstrual blood tends to be thick for most women, and the use of non-absorbent material will only lead to a disaster. Rag pads need to be used cleanly and hygienically. Unclean rags must never be used as a pad alternative.

The more important distinction between stun guns and Tasers is how they function. While stun guns impart their electric current to their target via direct contact, Taser devices instead deliver their current at range through two small, wired darts. The darts may be fired at distances up to 15 or 34 feet depending on the model, and if both electrodes make good contact with their target, the circuit will be completed and the subject will be shocked.

Secondly, unless you're zapping someone in the eyeballs…you're only affecting a muscle group for a second or two. That may not be enough to stop a fight when it comes to some attackers, and OC spray is known to do so much more reliably.

The Runt has a rubber housing, and is 4.25 inches long, 1.63 inches wide and 1-inch thick, and at less than 1.5 ounces can be easily carried in a pocket or worn in the included belt holster. They cost less than $20.

Pads from rags can be neatly prepared through the use of a single rectangular rag that is wrapped around in toilet paper to ensure minimal shifting. If available, two pieces of rags can be used instead of one. Such a practice extends the coverage time and minimises the chances of leakage.

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Compact stun guns are handheld, with two electrodes at one end of the device. When you activate the device, the current jumps between them, completing the circuit. They can be made to resemble many different objects such as phones, vapes or flashlights, but some are the classic stun gun design that you probably picture in your head.

That may not be possible, depending on the exact fight you get into. If they're on top of you (almost all fights eventually go to the ground) it's most likely only going to delay harm rather than end the engagement. Heavy clothing can interfere with getting the necessary contact to deliver an electric shock as well.

Stun guns, and for that matter Tasers, are legal in most states, but there are some restrictions. For example, Wisconsin requires a permit to carry one, Hawaii prohibits carrying them at all and several individual counties and cities have enacted stun gun bans…though legal challenges to them usually prove successful.

The Runt has been on the market for some time, and it has some features that indicate it may be one of the few stun guns that will actually work. It's a compact unit, with an output of 4.5mA on a full battery. The onboard battery pack is rechargeable. You unlock the charge prongs and plug them directly into a wall socket.

Batons are too large to conceal and deliver electric shock either by electrodes at the end of the device (like a cattle prod) or by wired contact strips, pads or rings along the outside of the shaft.

Regardless, all stun guns fundamentally work the same way. They create a current which can be applied directly to an attacker.

So, an inherent flaw in stun guns is that they can't be made powerful enough to be reliably effective while remaining a non-lethal tool. An Axon-brand X26 TASER (a common model issued to police) has an output of 2.1mA.

In other words, where a stun gun could be tenable is in a fight or attack where you are in contact with your assailant. Pepper spray requires distance—at arms' length, it's possible to spray yourself as much as your opponent.

Taser devices have a high failure rate in the field (upwards of 50 percent according to some studies) and good ones are usually not cheap.

Periods may arrive unexpectedly during a woman’s menstrual cycle, catching adolescent girls and women unguarded, especially if they do not have access to sanitary pads. So, what should women do when they do not have pads or tampons handy? What are the other options that they can resort to help in preventing blood leakage? Another common question regarding this is how to use pad in school.

The Vipertek VTS 989 has been on the market for quite some time and has a very similar design to the Runt. Its output is over 1 microcoulomb, and it includes an LED light that activates with the eclectic current.

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When it comes to period hacks, this strategy is also highly efficient. Cotton balls, too, can be efficiently used as a temporarily absorbent material. They are generally found in first-aid boxes and are quite absorbent. It is extremely important to use only non-coloured cotton balls. Wrapping up some of these cotton balls in toilet paper and giving them a pad-like shape and structure make for an efficient pad alternative or makeshift pad.

To help better understand that, consider the classic analogy that compares voltage to water pressure but amperage to water volume or flow rate. An ounce of water at incredible pressure is still only an ounce of water, but four gallons per minute is a lot of water to move regardless of the pressure.

This is another pad alternative. Makeshift pads produced from cotton wool are not only easy to make, but they also provide good coverage. Cotton Wool is absorbent, just like socks are. A rectangularly-shaped, pad-size piece of cotton wool can be used as an alternative of sanitary pads with phenomenal ease. That said, wrapping the piece in toilet paper is necessary, and multi-layered wrapping is highly recommended.

If you're seriously contemplating an electrical weapon…why mess around? Axon's TASER brand is now selling to the public, and their Professional Series, including the X2 and TASER 7 CQ which are the same units sold to police.

Knives are not less-lethal tools. Bludgeons of any kind such as batons or saps are not either…and any “pressure point” pokey thing is unlikely to do much in a real fight.

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While making use of alternatives to sanitary pads, ensure that you change them regularly to reduce the chances of leakage and infection. While not ideal, these temporary, makeshift options can work until or unless there are effective solutions in place to end period poverty. One major step in this direction would be ensuring that those with periods can use benefits offered by the government to buy menstrual hygiene products that they need.

Using washcloths as a pad alternative is not an uncommon practice. Those women who are too poor to purchase sanitary pads use it numerous times. Washcloth pads offer effective courage for up to four hours, which is as long a duration offered by a regular pad.

When you do not have a pad or tampon handy during your period cycle, making emergency pads using household items, first-aid items, or washroom essentials is extremely easy. These require simple, basic items and a tad bit of effort. Here are some few ways to make an alternative of sanitary pads when you have run out of all possible options.

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While the terms are often used to refer to each other, stun guns and tasers are not one and the same. Firstly, while the word taser is now an accepted colloquialism for any similar device, the name is derived from the original manufacturer TASER International and is still a trademarked term by the current manufacturer Axon.

In some situations, where you have nothing in hand except toilet paper, you can surely use a thick, multi-layered pad that is made of toilet paper. Such a makeshift pad can be successfully used when you have nothing else within reach. This pad alternative can provide coverage for a couple of hours, depending on your menstrual flow. That said, the process could be extremely messy, and the usage of clean toilet paper is essential.

The batteries aren't the problem. AA batteries have around 2,800mAH (milliamp hours; 1 milliamp per hour for 2,800 hours) of charge, and a 3.7-volt 18650 battery has about 3,400mAH.

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One major drawback is that stun guns are less than ideal for self-defense because they require the user to maintain direct physical contact with the threat long enough for them to be successfully incapacitated or dissuaded.

In terms of less-lethal self-defense tools, the default is and should be pepper spray. It has the best track record (good pepper spray works very well when correctly deployed), and it's also cheap and easy to conceal and carry.

However, a professional grade comes with professional pricing. The X1 is the cheapest…at $999. The X2 is $1,499, and the TASER 7 CQ is $1,599.

Finally, stun guns rarely put out enough amperage to produce serious-enough muscle spasms to be unfailingly effective. If they did, they'd likely be treated the same as firearms under the law.

Since an obvious concern for women, the elderly and the physically disabled is winding up on the ground under an assailant, a stun gun gives you a weapon that isn't potentially lethal (response to force must be proportional, after all) but can potentially distract or dissuade someone enough to flee.

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It shouldn't be your Plan A, but it could still be a potentially useful tool to have as a backup, especially for those who want a less-lethal option but lack the physical constitution to fight off an attacker.

On paper, the stun gun is not an entirely useless defensive tool. Providing that yours has sufficient enough amperage (with fresh batteries) to actually induce not only pain but mild muscular contraction, a stun gun could (in theory) be an effective contact weapon.

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Why this kit? Because you can get the stun gun and SABRE Red spray for about $25. That way, you get some good OC spray out of the deal too.

The onboard battery is rechargeable, and it comes with a wrist strap and belt holster. It's rather large for pocket carry at 6.5 inches long, 2 inches wide and 1-inch thick, but should still fit most pockets. These also typically sell for less than $25.

This is why humans can withstand thousands and thousands of volts with nearly no effect. It's the amperage that does the damage.

The SABRE Red Self-Defense Kit includes pepper spray and the SABRE S-1009 stun gun, which emits 1.250 micro coulombs per burst, enough to likely induce pain compliance.

The Guard Dog Katana is a flashlight stun gun. It has a strike bezel on the bulb housing with concealed electrodes; when you activate it, they create an arc.

Regardless of the style of device that provided it, electric shocks hurt. The only trick is reliably delivering the charge.

Ujaas aims to put an end to period shame and reduce period poverty by conducting knowledge and awareness workshops so that adolescent girls and young women do not feel the stigma surrounding periods.

Why this flashlight stun gun? It's about the same size as most other tactical flashlights, so it's slim enough to carry every day. If the electric shock doesn't work, it's also a good impact weapon. If nothing else, you’ll at least have a flashlight.