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At large apertures the f-stop is a small number and each successive stop is only a slightly larger number. As apertures get smaller, the f-stop number gets larger and the numeric gap between f-stops gets larger.

f-number

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Most M.2 SSDs are 22 x 80mm (W x L), but can be shorter or longer. You can tell what size an M.2 SSD is by reading the four or five-digit number in its name or on its printed-circuit board (PCB). The first two numbers are its width, while the others are its length (example: M.2 Type-2280). Having a longer SSD means more space for NAND chips but not necessarily more storage space. Below are common M.2 SSD sizes:

Go Down a Stop or Open Up a Stop And, conversly, every time the f-stop decreases by a factor of 1.4, the aperture is twice as large — twice as much light exposes the sensor. If you change your aperture from f/16 to f/11, you've gone down a stop and double the amount of light reaching the sensor... your image will be lighter. If you adjust your apertuure from f/5.6 to f/4, you've opened up by a full stop; twice as much light gets through. From f/22 to f/16 is down a stop and double the aperture.

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aperture中文

Add a Stop or Closing Down a Stop For the photographer, every time the f-stop increases by a factor of 1.4, the aperture is half as large — half as much light exposes the sensor. That is, if you change the f-stop from f/1.4 to f/2.0, you've added "a stop" — you've reduced your exposure by half. If you change from f/2.0 to f/2.8, you've added a stop. From f/5.6 to f/8 you've added a stop. Etc.

F-stops

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Aperture

Stops f-stops and common fractional stops: f/1 – 1.2 – f/1.4 - 1.8 - f/2.0 – 2.2 - f/2.8 – 3.2 — 3.5 – f/4.0 – 4.5 – 5.0 — f/5.6 – 6.3 – 7.1 – f/8.0 – 9 – f/11 – 13 – 14 – f/16 –18 – 20 – f/22 – 28 – f/32 — f/45 — f/64 — f/90 — f/128

Where do they get those particular numbers?! f-stop values have to do with the area inside of a circle – the circle within your open aperture that allows light into the camera. Note that every-other number is different by a factor of about 1.4. Note that 2.0 is approximately 1.4x1.4 So 1.414 is the square root of 2, which is related to the fact that when you open your aperture by a full stop, you double the amount of light allowed in.

"An example of the use of f-numbers in photography is the sunny 16 rule: an approximately correct exposure will be obtained on a sunny day by using an aperture of f/16 and the shutter speed closest to the reciprocal of the ISO speed of the film; for example, using ISO 200 film, an aperture of f/16 and a shutter speed of 1/200 second. The f-number may then be adjusted downwards for situations with lower light." (WikiP)

This podcast discusses of the essence of aperture – one of the core technical concepts that controls exposure. In the podcast, he compares aperture to turning on a faucet to fill a bathtub; the wider the aperture, the less time it takes to “fill” an image with light; the more open the faucet, the less time it takes to fill the tub with water. Filling the tub is like exposing an image until it becomes fully white. To be more accurate, each and every pixel in your camera's photo-sensor is such a bathtub or a bucket — if no water (light) gets in, that pixel is black. If the bucket fills with water (light), that pixel is white. Also, how aperture is related to depth of field is discussed (the depth of the region that is in focus). The wider the aperture, the narrower your depth of field. The smaller the aperture, the deeper the field of focus.

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In order to use an M.2 SSD in your gaming PC or laptop, you’ll need a motherboard with M.2 slots. Some motherboards have two or more M.2 slots, allows you to run your SSDs in RAID.

Aperture literally means Opening or Hole. A camera's aperture is a hole of varying size that influences how much light exposes an image — light passes through the opening in order to get to the image sensor (or film). The bigger the hole (the larger the aperture), the more light reaches the sensor. The smaller the hole (the smaller the aperture), the less light reaches the sensor.

Aperture is one of the three corners of the "exposure triangle" — the three settings or controls that your camera offers to allow you control over exposure. (for the other two, see Shutter Speed and ISO)

Pupilaperture

"Diagram of decreasing apertures, that is, increasing f-numbers, in full-stop increments; each aperture has half the light gathering area of the previous one." (WikiP)

While 2.5-inch SSDs use the SATA bus, which debuted in 2000 and was originally geared toward hard drives, and add-in cards use the PCIe bus, which is faster and has more bandwidth than SATA, M.2 SSDs can go either way, depending on the product. Additionally, some of the fastest and best SSDs use the NVMe interface, which was made for rapid storage devices.

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M.2 is a form factor for SSDs (solid-state drives) that’s shaped like a stick of gum. These SSDs are generally faster but more expensive than traditional, 2.5-inch SSDs.

F-stop

When purchasing lenses, the larger the aperture (the smaller f-stop) the better – and it will cost more. Most intro consumer zoom lenses have a maximum aperture around 4.0 or 4.5. A professional zoom lens may have a maximum aperture of 2.8 — such a lens will cost several times more than the consumer zoom lens. A decent 50mm prime less may have a maximum aperture of 1.8. A professional quality 50mm prime may have an aperture of 1.2 and cost a thousand dollars more than the f/1.8 lens. The size of the actual glass lenses in the f1.2 lens are much larger and are much more costly to manufacture.

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f-stop是什么

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That’s not fully explained…I know. The "up" and "down" jargon gets frankly confusing because f-stops increasing means aperture decreasing. Its just one of the hazards of photography.

f-stop vsaperture

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Every full stop, the aperture doubles. "aperture doubles" means that the lens allows twice as much light in. So, if I change aperture from f/11 to f/8, f/8 allows twice the light in as f/11. When the aperture is closed by a full stop (via a higher f-stop), ½ of the light is allowed in. So if a switch from f/2.0 to f/2.8, f/2.8 lets ½ of the light in that f/2.0 lets in.

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Note that each lens has its own max and min aperture (lowest f-stop and highest f-stop). These aperture variations are one of the key distinctions in lens design, lens capability and, of course, lens price.

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So an M.2 SSD can be SATA-based, PCIe-based with NVMe support, or PCIe-based without NVMe support. An M.2 SSD with NVMe support offers up to five times more bandwidth than SATA M.2 models, bringing better performance in key tasks, such as file transfers, video or photo editing, transcoding, compression and decompression.

Go up a Half Stop or a Third of a Stop... The "in between" partial stops are even less consistent mathematically than the whole stops. Between the largest apertures, you may have approximate half steps — f/1.4 to f/1.8 is not actually a half stop, but its close enough. At smaller apertures, rough 1/3 stops are common — between f/11 and f/16, you have f/13 – f/14. The steps are not actual 1/3 steps, but, again, its close enough. Photographers adjust freely up and down in fractional stops to improve their exposure — but they are usually not calculating aperture or percent change in illumination. They are just adding or removing exposure to lighten or darken the image — aperture adjustments become rather intuitive eventually, rather than being precisely calculated. Its more fun that way, after all.

(in the diagram, above, the max diameter of the lens is "D", which is similiar to the max aperture of the lens — though the aperture will always be somewhat smaller than the lens.)

"Full Stops" are noted in bold, above. If you think these numbers are strange... be glad we traditionally round them off to only two significant digits. It could be worse. Strictly speaking, f2.8 should be f2.823427...

Add Two Stops... From f/5.6 to f/11 is two stops — your exposure has 1/4 as much light as before. Note that the number 11 is roughly 2x 5. From f/11 to f/22 is up two stops — 1/4 as much light. And, obviously, 22 is 2x 11.

Aperture is measured, or described in "f-stops". The smaller the "f-stop", the larger the aperture. Its odd at first, but that's the system.