As mentioned, using a Multi-layer Diffractive Optical Element enables a lens to be made considerably smaller than traditional lens construction. This is especially beneficial with super-telephoto lenses like the RF 600mm F11 IS STM and RF 800mm F11 IS STM, which are designed for use on full-frame mirrorless EOS R System cameras. The RF 600mm F11 IS STM is constructed with 10 elements in 7 groups, while the RF 800mm F11 IS STM has 11 elements in 8 groups, and both include a Multi-layer Diffractive Optical Element. At 269.5mm in length when it's extended ready for use, the RF 600mm F11 IS STM is almost 40% shorter than than EF 600mm f/4L IS III USM. Similarly, the RF 800mm F11 IS STM is almost 24% shorter than the EF 800mm f/5.6L IS USM. This reduction in their working length makes the lenses easier to use hand-held, and they feel more balanced on a camera, especially when you're shooting without an optional Battery Grip. Both RF lenses also feature a collapsible design, meaning they can contract to 199.5mm and 281.8mm in length respectively, making them easier to transport and store. With a bladeless aperture fixed at f/11, the lenses also capture attractively smooth bokeh, while the Image Stabilization helps to deliver sharp images. Using a fixed aperture reduces the number of variables that need to be considered in the design of the lenses. This makes it possible to optimise the optical construction to make the best use of the DO element and maximise image quality.

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An eyepiece on a microscope is a lens that is positioned at the top of the microscope and is used to view the magnified image of the specimen. It is also known as an ocular lens and is an essential component of the microscope's optical system. The eyepiece typically contains a set of lenses that further magnify the image produced by the objective lens, allowing the viewer to see a highly detailed and enlarged image of the specimen.

The difference is that the DO element focuses the wavelengths in reverse order compared to conventional optical elements.

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in digital eyepieces, which incorporate digital imaging technology to capture and display the magnified image on a computer or other digital device. This allows for easier sharing of images and facilitates analysis and documentation of the specimens. Additionally, there has been a focus on ergonomic designs to improve user comfort and reduce eye strain during prolonged use. These advancements aim to enhance the overall microscopy experience and make it more accessible to a wider range of users.

The latest point of view on eyepiece design emphasizes the importance of ergonomic design to reduce eye strain and improve user comfort during extended periods of use. This includes features such as adjustable eye relief and eyecups to accommodate different users and provide a more comfortable viewing experience. Additionally, advancements in materials and manufacturing techniques have allowed for the production of lightweight yet durable eyepieces that are well-suited for various applications.

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The eyepiece on a microscope, also known as the ocular lens, is the lens at the top of the microscope through which the viewer looks. It is the lens closest to the eye when using the microscope. The primary function of the eyepiece is to magnify the image produced by the objective lens, which is the lens closest to the object being observed. This magnification allows the viewer to see a larger and more detailed image of the specimen.

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3. Wide-field eyepiece: This type of eyepiece is designed to provide a larger and more comfortable viewing area, allowing the viewer to see more of the specimen at once. It is particularly useful for applications that require prolonged observation.

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by LIA Series — There are three individual pieces of glassware used to illuminate the specimen and form the image. These are the condenser, objective and eyepiece(s), and each ...

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The Canon EF 400mm f/4 DO II IS USM lens, a super telephoto lens with Diffractive Optics for a more compact, lightweight, high-performance sports lens.

Overall, the eyepiece on a microscope plays a crucial role in magnifying and enhancing the image of the specimen, as well as providing a comfortable and effective viewing experience for the user.

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The eyepiece on a microscope, also known as an ocular lens, is the part of the microscope that is looked through to view the magnified specimen. It is located at the top of the microscope and is the lens closest to the eye of the observer. The eyepiece is designed to magnify the image produced by the objective lens, which is the lens closest to the specimen being observed.

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From the latest point of view, advancements in microscope technology have led to the development of eyepieces with variable magnification power, allowing users to adjust the level of magnification based on their specific needs. Additionally, some modern microscopes are equipped with digital eyepieces that can capture and display images on a computer screen, enabling users to easily share and analyze the microscopic images. These digital eyepieces often come with software that allows for further image enhancement and analysis, expanding the capabilities of traditional eyepieces.

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The most significant characteristic of the diffractive optical element is that the positions where the wavelengths combine to form an image are reversed from those of a refractive optical element. By combining a Multi-Layer Diffractive Optical Element and a refractive optical element within the same optical system, chromatic aberration can be corrected even more effectively than with a fluorite element. Also, by adjusting the pitch (spacing) of the diffraction grating, the diffractive optical element makes possible the same optical characteristics as a ground and polished aspherical surface, which effectively corrects for spherical and other aberrations. Using a DO element also enables a lens to be made much more compact than it would be with a standard telephoto design. The EF 400mm f/4 DO II IS USM, for example, is about 26% shorter and 36% lighter than an equivalent non-DO 400mm f/4 lens.

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2. Ramsden eyepiece: This design features two plano-convex lenses with the convex sides facing away from each other. It offers a wider field of view compared to the Huygenian eyepiece and is commonly used in modern microscopes.

An eyepiece on a microscope, also known as an ocular lens, is the lens at the top of the microscope that you look through to view the specimen. It is the part of the microscope that is closest to your eye and is responsible for magnifying the image of the specimen. The eyepiece typically contains a set of lenses that work together to magnify the image produced by the objective lens, which is the lens closest to the specimen.

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In September 2014, Canon announced the EF 400mm f/4 DO II IS USM. This compact super-telephoto lens debuted a new-generation diffractive optical element that reduces the flare that can sometimes occur in earlier DO lenses. The original dual-layer DO design sandwiches a layer of air between the two diffraction gratings. This air and the material that makes up the gratings can cause some ring-shaped flaring around bright light sources in the image. Switching to a gapless design, plus the use of a new material for the gratings, reduces the occurrence of flare. The gapless dual-layered DO is also positioned deeper into the lens and further from the front element in the EF 400mm f/4 DO II IS USM than in the EF 400mm f/4 DO USM. This means that it is less exposed to unwanted light, which can cause flare. Another impact of this change is that the angle of the light reaching the lens is closer to perpendicular, so less light is reflected and the likelihood of flare with backlit subjects is reduced even further.

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Eyepiece design and construction have evolved over time to improve the quality and comfort of the viewing experience. Modern eyepieces are typically designed with multiple lens elements to minimize aberrations and distortions, resulting in a clearer and more accurate image. Some eyepieces also incorporate advanced coatings to reduce glare and improve contrast.

In summary, the eyepiece on a microscope is a crucial component that contributes to the overall quality of the viewing experience. Its design and construction have evolved to prioritize optical performance, user comfort, and versatility, making it an essential part of modern microscopy.

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Having pioneered both aspherical and fluorite lens elements, Canon went on to develop a technology that combines the characteristics of both. Multi-layer Diffractive Optical Element (DO) technology was announced in September 2000, and a prototype lens was shown at the Photokina 2000 exhibition in Cologne. Canon EF series lenses that incorporate DO technology have "DO" in their names, like the EF 70-300mm f/4.5-5.6 DO IS USM, although Canon RF series lenses, like the RF 800mm F11 IS STM, no longer follow this convention, bringing them in line with all other RF lenses, which do not include lens materials in their names. Diffractive optical elements use a diffraction grating that alters the path of light rays. Diffraction is encountered in ordinary lenses when a small aperture is used. Light rays passing through this aperture are bent very slightly, so that they are no longer travelling in a straight line. This affects the focusing and reduces the resolution of the lens. This diffraction is the reason most lenses give their best performance at an aperture about two stops below maximum, rather than at the smallest apertures. However, a diffraction grating can be used to introduce corrections rather than create aberrations. Diffraction gratings look a bit like miniature versions of the fresnel lenses used in a lighthouse. They are widely used in spectroscopes and in the optical signal-reading systems of CD and DVD players. Until 2000, diffractive elements had not been used in camera lenses because there is a tendency for white light to produce superfluous diffracted light as it passes through the grating. This results in flare, which degrades the image quality. Canon resolved this problem by creating a multi-layer construction made from two single-layer diffractive optical elements with opposing concentric circular diffraction gratings. When incident light enters the element, superfluous diffracted light is not produced and almost all of the light is used for the image. This makes it possible to use a diffractive optical element in a camera lens.

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The eyepiece, also known as the ocular lens, is the lens at the top of the microscope that you look through to view the specimen. It typically contains a magnifying lens that further enlarges the image produced by the objective lens. The eyepiece is usually removable and interchangeable, allowing for different magnifications to be achieved depending on the specific needs of the user.

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From a modern perspective, the eyepiece on a microscope may also be designed to reduce eye strain and provide a comfortable viewing experience. Some eyepieces are equipped with adjustable diopter settings to accommodate individual differences in vision, and others may incorporate anti-glare or anti-reflection coatings to improve image clarity.

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The magnification power of the eyepiece is a measure of how much the image is enlarged when viewed through the microscope. This is usually expressed as a number followed by an "x" (e.g., 10x, 20x), which indicates the number of times the image is magnified. For example, if the eyepiece has a magnification power of 10x and the objective lens has a magnification power of 40x, the total magnification of the microscope would be 400x (10x multiplied by 40x).

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Chromatic aberration, where light of different wavelengths comes to a focus at different positions on the optical axis, is a characteristic of both conventional glass elements (shown here) and the Multi-layer Diffractive Optical (DO) Element (next picture).

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A lens with a Multi-Layer Diffractive Optical Element can be made smaller and lighter than an equivalent lens manufactured with conventional optical elements.

1. Huygenian eyepiece: This is a simple eyepiece design that consists of two plano-convex lenses with the convex sides facing each other. It provides a relatively narrow field of view and is commonly used in older microscopes.

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Left: a representation of a Multi-Layer Diffractive Optical Element (viewed from front and side). The diffraction grating is much finer than indicated here – during its manufacture, the grating's height and pitch as well as its positioning requires micron-level precision (one micron equals one-thousandth of a millimetre). Right: Canon's innovation of a gapless dual-layered DO element minimises the flare that can result from the air gap between the two diffraction gratings of the previous design.

In addition to magnification, the eyepiece also helps to focus the light rays coming from the objective lens and to direct them into the viewer's eye. This helps to create a clear and sharp image of the specimen under observation. The eyepiece also often contains a reticle or a graticule, which is a grid or scale that can be used to measure the size or dimensions of the specimen.

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