Blazedgrating

Sometimes surface contamination can be removed partially, and once in a while completely, using a mild unscented dishwashing liquid. Care should be taken not to apply any pressure (even gentle scrubbing) to the grating surface. Fingerprints may occasionally be removed, but more often damage the groove structure. Dust should only be removed from the grating surface using filtered air.

Fraunhoferdiffraction

Due to global supply restrictions, the price of rare earth material, found in many optical components, is increasing. As a result, industry-wide price increases are expected for end-user products that include glass made with rare earth material. Edmund Optics is committed to working closely with our supply chain partners and manufacturing facilities in order to continue to offer high quality products at competitive prices.

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Warnings against touching the grating surface notwithstanding, damage to the surface occasionally occurs. Contact from handling, mounting or packaging can leave permanent visible marks on the grating surface. Some gratings have visible surface defects. Many are cosmetic defects that one can see with the naked eye, but which do not adversely affect the performance of the grating. Also visible are occasional grooves on gratings that are ruled too lightly, known as ruling streaks. These ruling streaks also do not affect the performance of the grating. Some cosmetic defects that do not adversely impair the optical performance represent the best available quality for a grating with a particular set of specifications. For example, some gratings have 'worm tracks' due to mechanical ruling of the master grating from which the replicated grating was taken, others have coating defects like spit or spatter, and others have 'pinholes' (tiny voids in the reflective coating). The many possible classifications of surface defects and the many opportunities to render the surface permanently damaged conspire to make the surfaces of many gratings look less than cosmetically perfect.

Diffraction grating

Commercially available diffraction gratings are replicated optics comprised of three layers: a substrate, an epoxy layer, and (usually) a reflective coating. Each layer meets a different purpose:

Echellegrating

A diffraction grating is a first surface optic, so its surface cannot be touched or otherwise come in contact with another object without damaging it and perhaps affecting its performance. Damage can take the form of contamination (as in the adherence of finger oils) or distortion of the microscopic groove profile in the region of contact. This Technical Note describes the reasons why a grating must be handled carefully and provides guidelines for doing so.

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If contaminants remain, try using spectroscopic-grade solvents; the purity of such solvents should be ascertained before use, and only the purest form available used. The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) snow, which reaches the grating surface in a sublimed state and evaporates, carrying with it the contaminants, has also been used with some success. The key to cleaning a grating surface is to provide no friction (e.g., scrubbing) that might damage the delicate groove structure.

by S Winter · 2006 · Cited by 13 — The effect has also been exploited for plasma diagnostics [5]. In experimental laser spectroscopy a device that is widely used and is known as a Faraday rotator.

Diffraction gratingexperiment

Damage to the microscopic groove profile is, unfortunately, irreversible; the epoxy layer, like molding clay, will retain a permanent imprint. Contamination of the grating surface with finger oils, moisture, vacuum pump oil, &c is also often permanent, particularly if the contaminated grating surface has been irradiated. If you have a damaged or contaminated grating, contact us to ask for advice, or to have us clean and inspect your grating.

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As with the monopolization of any market, having a single dominant producer introduces uncertainty regarding the stability of supply and, in turn, price. As the Chinese economy and technological industries increase in growth, China is expected to decrease rare earth exports in order to meet its own rare earth demand. As the global demand begins to outpace global supply, the prices of rare earth materials, which are already increasing due to fears of shortage, will continue to increase, and the need for alternative rare earth sources will continue to grow.

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Within the optics industry, rare earths are quickly growing in importance. Lanthanum is used in many high index glasses; high index glass, when combined with other glass materials, improves dispersion and is utilized in many achromats and imaging lenses to increase efficiency and improve image quality. Cerium can be found in some of the polishing compounds used in the manufacturing process of optical glass. Many other optical components and electro-optical devices are also affected, such as night-vision goggles and imaging sensors which rely on rare earths including lanthanum, gadolinium, and yttrium.

Diffraction gratingformula

Termed rare due to scarcity in distribution, rare earths refer to 17 metals: the 15 lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium. Rare earths are used in many industries including optics, defense, automotive, and medical, along with a vast quantity of consumer products from power tools to smart phones. Due to advancements in electronics and other technologies, consumption of rare earths has drastically increased since efficient separation methods were first introduced in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, world demand for rare earths is around 134,000 tons annually, with an expected growth to 180,000 tons annually by 2012.

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diffractiongrating中文

While this damage may be apparent upon looking that the grating, it is not straightforward to determine the effect this damage has on the performance of the grating. Often the area affected by damage or contamination is a small fraction of the total area of the grating. Therefore, only a small portion of the total number of grooves under illumination may be damaged, displaced or contaminated. A damaged or contaminated region on the surface of a grating may have little, if any, noticeable effect on the performance of the optical system because, a diffraction grating is usually used as an integrating optic (meaning that all light of a given wavelength diffracted from the grating surface is brought to focus in the spectral order of interest). In contrast, a lens or mirror that does not focus (say, an eyeglass lens or a bathroom mirror) will show a distortion in its image corresponding to the damaged region of the optic. This familiar experience – the annoying effect of a chip on an eyeglass lens or a smudge on a bathroom mirror – has led many to assume that a similar defect on the surface of a grating will lead to a similar deficiency in performance. The most appropriate performance test of a grating with surface damage or cosmetic defects is not visual inspection but instead to use the grating in its optical system and determine whether the entire system meets its specifications.

Gratingequation

China currently produces 97 percent of the global supply of rare earths. The Chinese dominance of the rare earth market is fairly recent and up until the mid 1980s, the United States had been the primary producer of rare earths – one time producing over 60 percent of the global supply. Now, many countries are almost entirely dependent on Chinese exports.

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The short-term answer is unknown. Although plans to expand mining outside of China exist, the United States Government Accountability Office estimates it can take anywhere from 7 - 15 years to bring a rare earth mine to full operational status, primarily due to difficulties in licensing and regulations. It is expected to take up to 15 years for the United States to reestablish its rare earth supply chain. Meanwhile, substantial rare earth deposits have also been found elsewhere, including Canada, Australia, Russia, and in the Pacific Ocean, but have yet to make an impact on the rare earth market.

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Since the groove profile is maintained by the epoxy layer, rather than the reflective (metallic) coating on top of it, protective coatings such as those that meet the military specification MIL-M-13508 (regarding first-surface aluminum mirrors) do not serve their intended purpose. Even if the aluminum coating itself were to be well-protected against contact damage, it is too thin to protect the softer epoxy layer underneath it. Even "fully cured" epoxy is not very hard, resembling molding clay in its resistance to contact damage. Consequently gratings are not provided with contact-protecting coatings.

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Damage to a region of grooves, or their displacement, will theoretically have some effect on the efficiency of the light diffracted from that region, as well as the total resolving power of the grating, but in practice such effects are generally not noticeable. Of more concern, since it may be measurable, is the effect surface damage may have on light scattered from the grating, which may decrease the signal-to-noise (SNR) of the optical system. Most forms of surface damage can be thought of as creating scattering centers where light that should be diffracted (according to the grating equation) is scattered into other directions instead.

Like other leading optics companies, Edmund Optics is directly affected by changes in the rare earth market. We utilize rare earths within certain manufacturing processes, with specific coatings, and with specific high index glasses. Due to the uncertainty surrounding rare earth availability, we are expecting the costs of rare earth materials to increase. In addition, there may be additional costs associated with tariffs, especially between the US and China. If your design includes rare earth components, you may experience a price increase. However, Edmund Optics will continue to take the steps needed to limit the impact on product pricing.