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Last year, Sakshi Shukla, a 24-year-old social media advisor from Uttar Pradesh, ended her six-year relationship with Android phones for an iPhone and discovered its ultrawide lens feature in both the front and rear cameras. “Around the same time, I started seeing reels on Instagram from creators saying ‘Do yourself a favour and click your selfies at 0.5x’. They showed how the selfies clicked in 0.5x looked much better than those clicked at 1x,” she recalls.

Most of the time, VUV monochromators are preferred when equipped with master gratings. But unfortunately, such gratings are extremely expensive and have a long delivery time.

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A Rowland demonstrated that the dispersed spectrum of an illuminated point lying on a circle is focused on this circle, if the following setup is respected (see figure). A lot of VUV monochromators use this design.

On a recent field visit, she noticed that many adolescents have edited images of themselves as their phone wallpaper. “The social environment we grow up in gives us so many body image issues that we want to see ourselves look better even if only to ourselves. It’s almost like a defence mechanism,” says Divya, all while admitting that she too has made tweaks to her pictures before posting them online.

An ultrawide lens, as the name suggests, widens the field of vision compared to a regular (1x) lens, allowing you to fit more into a frame. [Particularly useful when clicking pictures in vertical mode for the gram]. It also converges perspective in a way that the object in the frame appears slightly taller and thinner than it actually is.

The realization of a real VUV monograph has to be done without a toroidal grating. The Plane Grating Spectrograph (PGS) configuration is one of the best choices. The PGS layout operates with a toroid mirror and a plane grating working at a grazing angle. It also has the advantage of being more affordable grating as they have a plane design.

"Take it in point five" is the new "Say Cheese". But the pop culture trend hasn’t led to major changes on the technology side, says Dhruv Bhutani, editor of Android Authority, an Android-focused news publication. “You don’t see OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) advertising this feature about their phone cameras. Very few Android phones, like Vivo, have a front camera with an ultrawide lens at the moment.”

A lot of people seem to have picked this hack from reels. “A year ago, I was inundated with reel tutorials on how to click better pictures,” says Ira, 26, a marketing professional from Mumbai. Most of these tutorials mentioned the 0.5x setting, she says.

Distortion is the most easily recognized aberration as it deforms the image as whole. It arises from the unequal magnification of the peripheral part of a lens (or a mirror) from that of its central part. In “barrel distortion,” image magnification decreases with distance from the optical axis. In “pincushion distortion,” image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis.

The design of VUV instruments suffers from the constraints of VUV optical materials. Transmission through bulk materials is limited to λ < 105 nm, the short wavelength transmission is limited of LiF or λ < 115 nm for MgF2. Reflective configuration is used in a VUV optical layout. However, reflectance from metal surfaces also decreases at short wavelengths. Several coating materials are introduced to increase reflectivity, such as Al, Os, Pt, Au, Rh and Ir. Above 120 nm, the main broadband reflector for VUV wavelengths is Al with MgF2 coating, having a normal incidence reflectivity of up to 90% under certain conditions. Os, Pt, Au, and Ir have a reflectance of about 60% from 5-200 nm in grazing configuration.

A master grating is an original unit recorded as a unique piece. A master grating can be utilized as the “mother” of multiples copies, called replicas.

These days, whenever Simran Jain (@simranbalarjain) gets clicked with her friends, she ensures the picture is captured in ‘0.5x’. What the kodak is that, you ask? It’s an ultrawide lens setting available in the in-built cameras of the latest iPhone models, starting from iPhone 11.

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S: Spot source (or slit of the instrument) λ3: Zero order position λ1, λ2: Dispersed wavelength positions λ1> λ2 i: incidence angle r: reflectance angle

These are used as beam splitters in many optical instruments. (See: Dichroism, for the etymology of the term.) A trichroic prism assembly ...

The spectroscopic images can be improved by using toroidal gratings. A toroidal grating is a form of an elliptic paraboloid with different vertical and horizontal focal distances. It reduces the stretching and the curvature of astigmatism.

In order to limit the number of reflections onto optics, concave gratings are often used as single element in VUV spectrometers.

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Perhaps what doesn’t shock most of us is the slightly manipulative aspect of 0.5x pictures. “I won’t name names but many creators use the setting to appear taller which, to my mind, is wrong,” says Ritik Mahajan, a 23-year-old lifestyle creator from Udhampur in Jammu & Kashmir. “As a creator-influencer, you are implying that if someone is short in height, they should have been taller,” he adds. Ritik admits he, too, uses the ultrawide lens setting but only for making travel content.

An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate in two perpendicular planes have different focal points.

Aberration leads to blurring of the image produced by an image-forming optical system. Makers of optical instruments need to correct optical systems to compensate for aberration.

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It is misleading, but then what isn’t so on social media, asks Dhira of Yuvaa. “I don’t need to but I still use the setting to look taller,” she says. It just shows how much we are not accepting of ourselves, Dhira adds.

“You see all those lifestyle influencers’ pictures and wonder why your pictures look so bad. You think they are blessed, not realising that they just use a setting that frames the picture better, making them look taller and slimmer,” adds Ira. Since then, she always checks the framing of a picture in 0.5x before clicking. “If I ask someone to click a picture of me against an aesthetic background, I tell them to go with 0.5x.”

The iPhone selfie camera also gives you an option to flip the selfie. “It’s because a selfie is your mirror image, which is how you look at yourself. It is different from how others look at you,” says Sakshi (Shukla). A simple yet startling insight that also explains why we love our mirror image more than regular pictures of us. “I remember my brother was shocked when he found out about this aspect,” adds Sakshi.

Dhira Rambhia, 24, community manager at Yuvaa, a youth media, data insights and community organisation, tells me that you get a wide lens setting for Instagram’s in-built camera while using the app from an iPhone now.

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Spherically shaped lenses and mirrors share this problem. Parallel light rays that pass through the central region focus farther away than those that pass through the edges. The result is many focal points, which produces a blurry image.

Such is the frenzy for the ultrawide lens that Simran, who has over 841,000 Instagram followers, upgraded her mobile from iPhone X to iPhone 11 last year just so she could utilise this camera setting.

Monochromatic aberrations are caused by the geometry of the lens and occur both when light is reflected and when it is refracted. Monochromatic aberrations include spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and field curvature and image distortion.

An optical aberration is a departure of the performance of an optical system from the predictions of paraxial optics. In the existence of an optical aberration, light from one point of an object does not converge into (or does not diverge from) a single point after transmission through the system. Optical aberrations fall into two classes: monochromatic and chromatic.

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However, there is a principal limit to the resolution of any optical system, due to the physics of diffraction. An optical system with resolution performance at ...

In effect though, 0.5x pictures do create an illusion, says psychologist Divya. Trick photography, if you will. Except that here we're trying to trick ourselves and others at the same time.

Many mobile manufacturers launched two front-facing cameras a few years ago, only to eventually discontinue those models. “I remember Google Pixel had two selfie cameras, one with regular and the other with an ultrawide lens. Don’t think it was a huge sell,” says Vinay Aravind, a wedding photographer and technology writer. “Including ultrawide lens to the front cameras also adds to the hardware cost,” he reckons. “Perhaps the trend is not big enough yet for smartphone makers to justify those spends.”

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Aberrationmeaning in Hindi

At normal incidence (zero order, λ3), the aberration is minimum and image is straight. But closer the images are from the grating, more stretched and curved are their images. This stretching can be severe, depends on the position of the image on the Rowland circle and hence of the observed wavelength. It results in both loss of signal and loss of resolution, especially in spectrograph mode when CCD detectors are used.

Some aberration affects the images due to off axis rays. The image of a spot looks like several cylinders not centered, like an image of a “comet”, where its name comes from.

“About 90% of the children and adolescents that I work with have body image issues,” says Divya Geryani, 27, a counselling psychologist from Jaipur. “Access to the internet, filters and apps has taught them how to ‘look’ physically appealing and desirable online.”

Unfortunately, gratings suffer from the aberrations of concave mirrors and others due to their diffraction capabilities. Working in the Rowland conditions definitively limits the imaging quality of the instruments. The major aberration here is astigmatism. This aberration can be tolerated with a monochromator since only horizontal focusing is required to separate the wavelengths of spectrum.

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“I particularly use the 0.5x setting to shoot all travel videos,” says Simran, a 25-year-old lifestyle content creator from Bengaluru. It covers the aesthetics [of a landscape] better. “I think most travel creators and people with iPhones use this setting now,” she adds.

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In the US, 0.5x selfies have been trending for a different reason altogether. People are making use of the front camera lens’s perspective distortion feature to click funny images.

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A VLS grating is one whose grooves, when projected onto the tangent plane, form a set of straight parallel lines whose spacing varies from groove to groove. Varying the groove spacing across the surface of the grating moves the tangential focal curve, while keeping the grooves straight and parallel keeps the sagittal focal curve fixed. It corrects for spherical aberration associated with conventional spherical gratings. The VLS technique can also be applied on toroidal grating for an optimum correction.

Chromatic aberration is a type of distortion in which the lens fails to focus all colors on the same convergence point, due to the dispersion of the lens (different refractive index of the lens for different wavelengths of light).

Two basic types of spectrographs and monochromators are used in the VUV: normal incidence instruments a better design for 100-400 nm, and grazing incidence instruments for 2-100 nm.

The guilt-free popularity of the 0.5x setting is a lot more nuanced than that, says Eepsita, a 27-year-old lifestyle creator who also runs a content marketing company. “If one is editing a picture to make one look different by adding filters, it could tug at their conscience. Since this is an in-built lens, it normalises the mode and doesn’t feel manipulative.” Instead, since ultrawide lens mode is very common in professional film-making, it feels like an added advantage [for regular users] without the need to spend on expensive gear, she adds.

Most latest Android phone models, upwards of Rs 12,000 or so, provide an ultrawide lens for their rear cameras, with default settings going up to 0.3x in some cases.

The optimization of the image correction of gratings can be calculated for a better image quality on the optical axis of the instrument (monochromator layout) or on a focal plane (spectrograph layout). In the last case, the optimization enlarges the focal plane, the grating of the spectrograph works in fixed position and the wavelength range selection is achieved by sliding the detector in the focal plane of the instrument. The correction is excellent in both cases.