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(2) POF cannot withstand extreme temperatures like glass optical fibers and is prone to degradation/yellowing over time.

One of the main differences is the composition of the wire: Glass optical fibers are made of pure glass, while plastic optical fibers are made of plastic polymers. The difference in composition affects some properties of the two types of fiber.

These characteristics of plastic fiber make it the first choice for more lighting and decorative applications. Due to the flexibility and vibration resistance of plastic fibers, they are also well-suited for automotive and industrial lighting applications. Although the narrow spectrum of transmitted light is listed as a disadvantage, it is actually an advantage for medical instruments. Plastic optical fibers are often used to illuminate the interior of the body during surgery because certain wavelengths other than visible light are harmful and cannot exist. Listed as our Industrial Control Plastic Optical Fiber:

Contrast levels from 100% to 2% are illustrated on the right for a variable frequency sine pattern. Contrast is moderately attenuated for MTF = 50% and severely attenuated for MTF = 10%. The 2% pattern is visible only because viewing conditions are favorable: it is surrounded by neutral gray, it is noiseless (grainless), and the display contrast for CRTs and most LCD displays is relatively high. It could easily become invisible under less favorable conditions.

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MTFlens

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Calculate Field of View, Focal Length or Object Distance by providing the other two properties. Lens Calculator Image. Step 1 Choose an Optical Format:.

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The red curve is the spatial response of the bar pattern to the film + lens. The blue curve is the combined MTF, i.e., the spatial frequency response of the film + lens, expressed in percentage of low frequency response, indicated on the scale on the left. (It goes over 100% (102).) The thin blue dashed curve is the MTF of the lens only.

The edges in the bar pattern have been broadened, and there are small peaks on either side of the edges. The shape of the edge is inversely related to the MTF response: the more extended the MTF response, the sharper (or narrower) the edge. The mid-frequency boost of the MTF response is related to the small peaks on either side of the edges.

At a distance d from the eye (which has a nominal focal length of 16.5 mm), this corresponds to objects of length = (angle in radians)*d = 0.000291*d. For example, for an object viewed at a distance of 25 cm (about 10 inches), the distance you might use for close scrutiny of an 8x10 inch photographic print, this would correspond to 0.0727 mm = 0.0029 inches. Since a line pair corresponds to two lines of this size, the corresponding spatial frequency is 6.88 lp/mm or 175 lp/inch. Assume now that the image was printed from a 35mm frame enlarged 8x. The corresponding spatial frequency on the film would be 55 lp/mm.

MTFformula

The image above represents only 0.5 mm of film, but takes up around 5 inches (13 cm) on my monitor. At this magnification (260x), a full frame 35mm image (24x36mm) would be 240 inches (6.2 meters) high and 360 inches (9.2 meters) wide. A bit excessive, but if you stand back from the screen you'll get an feeling for the effects of the lens, film, scanner (or digital camera), and sharpening on real images.

As fiber optic technology continues to become more flexible and less expensive, plastic fiber optics are often more cost-effective than glass fiber optic cables. As transmission media, both glass and plastic optical fibers are used for high-speed data transmission. Whether it is plastic optical fiber or glass optical fiber, you need to distinguish before choosing, and then choose the optical fiber that best suits your network needs. If you need fiber optic products, feel free to drop us a note or book some time via sales@holightoptic.com.

An important difference is resistance: Plastic optical fibers are more durable because glass is a more sensitive and less resistive material than plastic. So it is more suitable for use in bellows and domestic installations, where the fiber is more prone to breakage.

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Glass fiber optic cables can be applied for longer-distance transmission at higher speeds in office networks. What’s more, they are adept to hostile conditions, and more durable than their plastic counterparts.

Mtf curvechart

Standard Depth of Field (DOF) scales on lenses are based on the assumption, made in the 1930s, that the smallest feature of importance, viewed at 25 cm, is 0.01 inches— 3 times larger. It shouldn't be a surprise that focus isn't terribly sharp at the DOF limits. See the DOF page for more details.

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The essential meaning of MTF is rather simple. Suppose you have a pattern consisting of a pure tone (a sine wave). At frequencies where the MTF of an imaging system or a component (film, lens, etc.) is 100%, the pattern is unattenuated— it retains full contrast. At the frequency where MTF is 50%, the contrast half its original value, and so on. MTF is usually normalized to 100% at very low frequencies. But it can go above 100% with interesting results.

MTFOptics

Glass fibers require more difficult and delicate handling and the tools and equipment for fiber termination are often expensive. While being well mechanically protected, glass optical fibers have a higher information transmission capacity and lower loss. Moreover, glass optical fibers are optimized for small spaces and small targets. They can be used with both visible red and infrared light and are compatible with a long list of fiber heads.

Additional explanations of human visual acuity can be found on pages from the Nondestructive testing resource center and Stanford University. Page 3 from Stanford has a plot of the MTF of the human eye. I believe the x-axis units (CPD) are Cycles per Degree, where a pair of 1/60 degree features corresponds to 30 CPD.

(3) Ability to use photoelectric sensors in areas where photoelectric sensors cannot normally be used. With this advantage, sensors with various housings, mounting styles and functions can be selected for specific applications.

The main applications of glass fibers are communication, sensors and measurement systems. High transmission rates and low dissipation factors make them ideal for long-distance, high-speed communication applications. They are also ideal if used in corrosive environments or extreme temperatures.

The figure below represents a sine pattern (pure frequencies) with spatial frequencies from 2 to 200 cycles (line pairs) per mm on a 0.5 mm strip of film. The top half of the sine pattern has uniform contrast. The bottom half illustrates the effects of Provia 100F on the MTF. Pattern contrast drops to half at 42 cycles/mm.

Glass optical fibers consist of a pure glass (SiO 2 ) core and a less pure glass or plastic cladding. As a fragile fiber, it cannot be cut, spliced, or repaired, and it is less flexible and less resistant to accidental breakage. Glass fiber optic cables are extremely versatile and robust, and are available in a variety of configurations, end fittings, and adapter types. Ideal for harsh environments, it functions even when subjected to mechanical stress, high temperatures, or chemicals.

Mtf curveangle

(4) It is safe to install in the house, and the plastic optical fiber uses harmless green or red light that is easy to see with the naked eye.

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Plastic optical fiber components are simpler, cheaper, and have greater flexibility and resistance to bending, shock, and vibration. In addition, it is lighter in weight than glass fiber optics. Plastic optical fibers require no special tools or techniques to handle and require no training in operation or installation. Just cut it with scissors, plug it in and that’s it. This is what makes plastic optical fiber a low-cost alternative to glass fiber or copper at medium distances and bit rates of 10 Gbps.

The sharpness of a photographic imaging system or of a component of the system (lens, film, image sensor, scanner, enlarging lens, etc.) is characterized by a parameter called Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), also known as spatial frequency response. We present a unique visual explanation of MTF and how it relates to image quality. A sample is shown on the right. The top is a target composed of bands of increasing spatial frequency, representing 2 to 200 line pairs per mm (lp/mm) on the image plane. Below you can see the cumulative effects of the lens, film, lens+film, scanner and sharpening algorithm, based on accurate computer models derived from published data. If this interests you, read on. It gets a little technical, but I try hard to keep it readable.

(1) It can be used in high-temperature places such as furnaces, ovens, and condensers in large engines, and can also be used in extremely low-temperature areas such as cold storage.

A linear polarizer is an excellent solution in applications that require glare reduction due to reflected light. View our resources!

Plastic optical fibers are commonly used for low-speed, short-distance (up to 100 meters) applications in digital home appliances, home networks, industrial networks, and car networks. It plays an important role in the data transmission of military communication networks and multimedia equipment.

This means that for an 8x10 inch print, the MTF of a 35mm camera (lens + film, etc.) above 55 lp/mm, or the MTF of a digital camera above 2800 LW/PH (Line Widths per Picture Height) measured by Imatest SFR, has no effect on the appearance of the print. That's why the highest spatial frequencies used in manufacturer's MTF charts is typically 40 lp/mm, which provides an excellent indication of a lens's perceived sharpness in an 8x10 inch print enlarged 8x. Of course higher spatial frequencies are of interest for larger prints.

(1) Low cost of constituent materials and less complicated manufacture of POF, and installation cost of related components is also not high.

(2) The core diameter of the glass fiber is very small, so the technical requirements for coupling light into the core area (such as the light source) are relatively high.

Mtf curveexplained

How is MTF related to lines per millimeter resolution? The old resolution measurement— distinguishable lp/mm— corresponds roughly to spatial frequencies where MTF is between 5% and 2% (0.05 to 0.02). This number varies with the observer, most of whom stretch it as far as they can. An MTF of 9% is implied in the definition of the Rayleigh diffraction limit.

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Modulation transfer function

In recent years, major changes have taken place in the field of telecommunications. Fiber optics are steadily replacing copper wires as the proper means of signal transmission and have the unique advantage of transmitting high-speed data over long distances. Various optical devices are credited to this communication development, with fiber optic cables leading the way. Widely used in telecommunications and computer networks. Optical fibers are flexible, transparent fibers drawn from glass (silicon dioxide) or plastic into diameters slightly thicker than human hair. Plastic optical fiber vs. glass optical fiber: Which is preferable?

The statement that the eye cannot distinguish features smaller than one minute of an arc is, of course, oversimplified. The eye has an MTF response, just like any other optical component. It is illustrated on the right from the Handout #9: Human Visual Perception from Stanford University course EE368B - Image and Video Compression by Professor Bernd Girod. The horizontal axis is angular frequency in cycles per degree (CPD). MTF is shown for pupil sizes from 2 mm (bright lighting; f/8), to 5.8 mm (dim lighting; f/2.8). At 30 CPD, corresponding to a one minute of an arc feature size, MTF drops from 0.4 for the 2 mm pupil to 0.16 for the 5.8 mm pupil. (Now you know your eye's f-stop range. It's similar to compact digital cameras.) Another Stanford page has Matlab computer models of the eye's MTF.

Mtf curveexample

(1) Installation requires well-trained technicians, and the tools and equipment for fiber termination are usually expensive.

Film imaging systems consist of a lens, film, developer, scanner, image editor, and printer (for digital prints) or lens, film, developer, enlarging lens, and paper (for traditional darkroom prints). Digital camera-based imaging systems consist of a lens, digital image sensor, de-mosaicing program, image editor, and printer. Each of these components has a characteristic frequency response; MTF is merely its name in photography. The beauty of working in frequency domain is that the response of the entire system (or group of components) can be calculated by multiplying the responses of each component.

(2) Glass optical fiber can be used for long sensing distances because the glass core can transmit a wider spectrum and fast transmission speed.

Plastic Optical Fiber (Polymer Optical Fiber or POF), is an optical fiber made of plastic. Typically consists of acrylic (PMMA) as the core (96% of the fiber cross-section, 1 mm diameter) to aid in light transmission and a fluorinated polymer as the cladding material. Plastic fibers use harmless green or red light that is easily visible to the naked eye. Plastic fibers are safe to install around the home and pose no risk to curious children. But today, high-performance plastic fibers based on perfluorinated polymers are more used.

Most of us are familiar with the frequency of sound, which is perceived as pitch and measured in cycles per second, now called Hertz. Audio components— amplifiers, loudspeakers, etc.— are characterized by frequency response curves. MTF is also a frequency response, except that it involves spatial frequency— cycles (line pairs) per distance (millimeters or inches) instead of time. The mathematics is the same. The plots on these pages have spatial frequencies that increase continuously from left to right. High spatial frequencies correspond to fine image detail. The response of photographic components (film, lenses, scanners, etc.) tends to roll off at high spatial frequencies. These components can be thought of as lowpass filters— filters that pass low frequencies and attenuate high frequencies.