Now that we have an understanding of what a breadboard is, it’s time to learn how to use it. You’ll be able to put most components on the board.

Seeing it like this, you’ll get a better picture of how it works. The smaller metal platings are used for connecting components into your circuit. Rows are not interconnected. Two larger metal platings, perpendicular to smaller ones, are used to connect the board to a power source. That’s why they are referred to as power strips or rails (sometimes called bus strips).

Parabolicdish collector diagram

There has not been extensive performance testing of the CPC concept. As a result, there is to the authors’ knowledge no published ΔT/I curve for CPCs. However, the Solar Energy Research Institute (Anonymous, 1979) has used the equation

…an actual breadboard! Back in the olden days, amateur makers used to hammer nails or screws on a wooden board. They would then put copper wires on them and solder electronic components to them. Often it was literally a board used to slice bread on.

The converse situation is true where the angle of incidence is greater than one-half the acceptance angle. This situation is represented by the left half of the parabola in Figure 2. In this situation, all the incident beam solar irradiance is reflected above the focal point of the parabola and would not, as indicated in Figure 3b, enter the receiver opening of an equivalent CPC.

A solderless breadboard is as simple a device as it gets. It’s the most used device when creating temporary circuits. It is called solderless because no soldering is required, you can just plug in the components. A component can easily be removed from a breadboard if you make a mistake, or when starting a new project. This makes it great for both beginners who are just starting to learn about electronics and seasoned professionals.

Power rails generally go from one end of the breadboard to another. The holes are set in groups of fives. On large breadboards, however, the power rails are often broken in two.

If you want to make an electronics project, you will need something to connect your circuit on. Sure, you could solder everything together, but what if you’re just testing something? Or if the project you’re working on is temporary, and you plan on using the parts for something else? You would then use a breadboard.

Parabolicdish collector

The concentrating ability of the CPC can be understood through the use of ray tracing diagrams. If beam solar irradiance parallel to the axis of parabola A were incident on the CPC shown in Figure 2 the light would be perfectly focused (ignoring the 0.5 degree solar degree-width and any mirror inaccuracies) to point FA, the focal point of parabola A. The behavior of beam solar irradiance not parallel to the axis of parabola A is shown in Figure 1. Note that all of the solar irradiance incident on the right half of the parabola is reflected such that it passes beneath the focal point between the focal point and the surface of the parabolic mirror.

Looking at the breadboard from the top side, you’ll see a bunch of little holes. This is where the legs of components go, and the clips inside grab on them. The spacing between these holes is 2.54 mm (0.1 inches). It is aligned with the spacing between the legs of most electronic components and integrated circuits.

If the right half of the parabola in Figure 1 is tilted up to angle one-half the acceptance angle in order to approximate the orientation of parabola A in Figure 2, the situation would be analogous to that depicted in Figure 3a. All incident beam solar irradiance that is inclined to the right of the axis of the parabola in Figure 2 would he reflected by the right hand segment of the parabola beneath the focal point. Thus such solar irradiance would enter the receiver opening of an equivalent CPC.

Breadboards come in all shapes and sizes, but they are pretty much all the same. They are made from plastic and come in different colors, but they are usually in some tint of white. The most common sizes you’ll see are so-called full-size, half-size, and mini. Most breadboards have tabs and notches so you can snap more of them together. For the most part, though, you’ll be fine using just one half-size board included in most starter kits.

It is an interesting design for a concentrating collector makes use of the fact that when the rim of a parabola is tilted toward the sun, the rays are no longer concentrated to a point, but are all reflected somewhere below the focus. The rays striking the half of the parabola which is now tilted away from the sun are reflected somewhere above the focus. This can be seen on Figure 1, where the rays on the right-hand side are reflecting below the focus and the rays on the left-hand side are reflecting above the focus. If the half parabola tilted away from the sun is discarded, and replaced with a similarly shaped parabola with its rim pointed toward the sun, we have a concentrator that reflects (i.e. traps) all incoming rays to a region below the focal point.

Power strips (bus strips) are on the sides of the breadboard. They are used to provide electric power to the electronic components. They usually contain two columns – one for ground and one to supply voltage. The row indicating ground is normally marked blue or black, while the row indicating voltage supply is marked red. Along with colors, a ground column is indicated with a minus (-), and a voltage column is indicated with a plus (+).

Since the rays are no longer concentrated to a single point, this design is called a non-imaging concentrator. A receiver is now placed in the region below the focus and we have a concentrator that will ´trap´ sun rays coming from any angle between the focal line of the two parabola segments. Receivers can be flat plates at the base of the intersection of the two parabola, or a cylindrical tube passing through the region below the focus.

As the concentration ratio of the CPC is increased in an attempt to increase performance at elevated temperatures, the acceptance angle of the CPC must be reduced. The narrowing of the acceptance angle results in a requirement for increasing the number of tilt adjustments of the CPC throughout the year. Table lists the number of tilt adjustments needed for CPC collectors with various concentration ratios. Cosine effect changes due to these adjustments are not included on this table.

Parabolictroughconcentrator

As it usually is with technology, the breadboard of that time has evolved over the years. While breadboards are now used for all kinds of electronics prototyping, they aren’t made from wood anymore. You no longer have to ruin cutting boards every time you wanted to test something. The name, however, stuck and reminds us daily how far we’ve come in just a few years.

Compound parabolic concentratorPDF

Make sure to push them all way through, until they can’t go any further. A lot of beginners will push the legs partially into the breadboard, not wanting to break them. This can, in turn, lead to strange circuit behavior, like LEDs flickering or not working at all, etc. The components can get damaged this way, so it’s always better to firmly push them down all the way.

Wait, the row has ten holes, so why can you connect only five components? Notice that each horizontal row is separated by a ravine, or crevasse, in the middle of the breadboard. This ravine isolates both sides of a given row from one another, and they are not electrically connected. Thus, a hole on one side is not electrically connected to a hole on the other side.

The most common size among beginners is the so-called half-size. It is 8.5 cm tall and 5.5 cm wide (3.4” x 2.2”). As you can see, it’s basically the full-size breadboard cut in half. It has 400 tie-points, or 30 rows and 10 columns. It has removable power rails. Removing them makes the board 3.5 cm (1.4”) wide.

Figure 3 Light reflection from the CPC. a) Incidence angle less than acceptance angle; b) Incidence angle greater than acceptance angle.

The basic shape of the compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) is illustrated in Figure 2. The name, compound parabolic concentrator, derives from the fact that the CPC is comprised of two parabolic mirror segments with different focal points as indicated. The focal point for parabola A (FA) lies on parabola B, whereas the focal point of parabola B (FB) lies on parabola A. The two parabolic surfaces are symmetrical with respect to reflection through the axis of the CPC.

If you’ve got a starter kit for an Arduino or Raspberry Pi, you probably have one. And you’ll be using it quite a lot. Let’s take a deeper look at what they actually are.

To connect the components to each other, Arduino or a power source, we’ll need some wires. Jumper wires are a type of wires that are used with the breadboard. There are two types most commonly used: Dupont-style and U-shaped.

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Compound parabolic concentratorequation

Keep in mind that some components have very long legs that don’t fit into the breadboard all the way. LEDs are like that. Be careful not to break them when putting them in. You’ll feel it when the component hits the bottom of the breadboard. The connections are not permanent and it’s easy to remove any components that might be connected wrongly.

At the very center of the breadboard lies a small ravine. It serves an important purpose. It is 7.6 mm (0.3 inches) wide and enables the usage of integrated circuits.

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CPC lens

In operation, the CPC is usually deployed with its linear receiver aligned along an E/W line. The aperture of the CPC is typically tilted toward the south so that the incident solar irradiance enters within the acceptance angle of the CPC. Provided the sun’s apparent motion does not result in the incident solar irradiance falling outside the CPC’s acceptance angle, the CPC’s aperture need not be tracked. Typically, a CPC’s aperture need not be tracked on an hourly basis throughout a day since the sun’s declination does not change more than the acceptance angle throughout a day. However, the tilt of the CPC may have to be adjusted periodically throughout the year if the incident solar irradiance moves outside the acceptance angle of the CPC.

If you’ve never worked with it before, you might wonder which holes do what. Let’s take a look at the bottom of a breadboard so you get a better idea of what’s going on.

Dupont-style wires come in three varieties, depending on their ends: male/male,  male/female, and female/female. They are very flexible and easy to work with, which is why they are often included in starting kits. For connecting an Arduino with a breadboard, a male/male Dupont-style jumper wire is used.

A breadboard is a construction base for electronics prototyping. It might look like a regular plastic board with many tiny holes in it, but it’s much more than that. It is one of the main tools for circuit building and electronics in general. Prior to today’s breadboard being invented in 1971, a technique called wire-wrap was used for circuit building. It involved wrapping wires several times around a component lead or a socket pin on an insulating board. You had to be really careful and know what you were doing. Things could get messy quite quickly, as you can see from the picture below.

Prototype Performance – The performance of the Concentrating Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) varies with the acceptance angle. An acceptance angle of 180 degrees is equivalent to a flat-plate collector, and an acceptance angle of 0 degrees is equivalent to a parabolic concentrator.

Compound parabolic concentratorwikipedia

Last but not least, a mini breadboard is 4.6 cm tall and 3.6 cm wide (1.8” x 1.4”). It has 170 tie-points and doesn’t come with the power strip. It’s perfect for small and simple projects. It fits nicely on top of the Arduino proto shield as a small circuit. It is then used as a signal source feeding other electronic circuits. Mini breadboards come in various bright colors, but they are the same no matter the color.

Speaking of sizes, while the half-size board will be sufficient for most of your needs, you might consider getting a different-sized breadboard. A full-size breadboard  is 17 cm tall and 5.5 cm wide (7” x 2.2”). It has 830 tie-points (holes), or 63 rows and 10 columns. Pulling out the power rails narrows the breadboard to just 3.5 cm (1.4”). It usually has tabs and notches so you can make it longer and wider.

Components have long metal legs called leads used to get the electrical current to the component. Just put these legs through the holes and that’s it! The metal clips below will grab onto them and make them electrically connected to anything else in that row.

SMD components are better in almost every aspect compared to their leaded counterparts. The problem with them, though, is that there is no easy way to directly prototype with them without making a PCB  to mount them to. Because of this, many SMDs will continue to be adapted for breadboards. You don’t have to worry about fabricating a PCB every time you want to work with a circuit for the foreseeable future. The breadboards are not going anywhere.

U-shaped wires are simply wires with insulation stripped at both ends and bent at a 90-degree angle. Unlike Dupont-style, these wires keep their shape once they are put in position. They are great for connecting to power and ground since they keep the connection as short as possible.

The axis of parabola A is also shown in Figure 2 and, by definition, passes through the focal point of parabola A and the axis of parabola B likewise passes through the focal point of parabola B. The angle that the axes of the parabola A and B make with axis of the CPC defines the acceptance angle of the CPC. Light with an incidence angle less than one-half the acceptance angle will be reflected through the receiver opening (see Figure 3a). Light with an incidence angle greater than one-half the acceptance angle will not be reflected to the receiver opening (Figure 3b) and will, in fact, eventually be reflected back out through the aperture of the CPC.

As with any other product, there are pros and cons to using a breadboard. Let’s take a look at why you would consider using it, and why not.

Compound parabolic concentratorsolar collector

The rows are marked with numbers from 1 to as many as the breadboard design has. The columns are marked with A, B, C, D, E on one side of the board, and F, G, H, I, and J on the other side. Only five components can be connected in each row.

When just looking at the bullet points, it wouldn’t be unjustified to think you shouldn’t use a breadboard. The cons list is longer, after all. But pros outweigh the cons in this situation. The breadboard is just too useful for it not to be used in most cases. Unless you’re making a large project or something that must stay connected at all times, you can stick to using a breadboard for your projects.

Many integrated circuits (aka ICs or chips) are developed to fit onto breadboards. Since they tend to be larger than other components, they come in the so-called dual in-line package (DIP or DIL). That minimizes the amount of space they take on the breadboard. The ICs fit perfectly over the ravine. One side of the legs connects to column E, and the other side connects to column F. This way the legs of the ICs don’t interfere with each other’s functionality.

It might be pointed out that computation of the CPC thermal energy production with the use of equation is straightforward if one assumes that the CPC tracks the sun about one axis. This is essentially what results from the multiple tilt adjustments given in table. Since there is a general lack of data on the angular dependence of diffuse solar irradiance about the beam solar irradiance, Sharp (1979) suggests use of the beam solar irradiance in computing CPC performance in clear climates even though a fraction of the diffuse solar irradiance is captured. If data were available, the diffuse solar irradiance falling within the CPC’s acceptance could be included in equation.

The main areas, those between the power rails, are used to hold most of the electronic components. As power rails, terminal strips are also divided into two columns, with a small ravine between them.

If you were to take the metal platings out, you would see that they are actually little metal clips. They’re designed to grab the legs of components pushed through holes on the top side of the breadboard. Because they’re made from a conductive metal, you can test circuits without any soldering. Hence, the name solderless. All breadboards operate like this, no matter the size.

Both types of wires come in different colors, but they don’t mean anything. There are some color-coding disciplines that you can adhere to for consistency, though. For example, you can use red and blue or black for supply voltages and ground. Use a different color for the main signals, and the rest how you see fit. There’s a common issue with this, though. The number of colors is often smaller than the number of signal types or paths.

where the variables are defined as in Chapter 5. This equation is for a CPC with a concentration ratio of 5, resulting in an acceptance angle of about 19 degrees. Sharp (1979) has evaluated this equation and found it to be equivalent to that of a good parabolic trough. However, Sharp has pointed out that parasitic losses associated with pumping the heat-transfer fluid through the small tubing typically used in CPC receivers could be a major problem. Unfortunately, there is, as stated previously, a general lack of published test data.